Adhesives na halitta yawanci ana amfani da adhesives a rayuwarmu. A cewar maɓuɓɓuka daban-daban, ana iya raba shi zuwa manne dabba, manne kayan lambu da manne ma'adinai. Dabbobin dabbobi sun haɗa da mannen fata, manne kashi, shellac, manne casein, manne albumin, manne mafitsara kifi, da sauransu; kayan lambu mai manne ya hada da sitaci, dextrin, rosin, danko arabic, roba na halitta, da dai sauransu; manne ma'adinai ya haɗa da kakin ma'adinai, kwalta Jira. Saboda yawan maɓuɓɓugar sa, ƙarancin farashi da ƙarancin guba, ana amfani da shi sosai a cikin kayan ɗaki, ɗaure littattafai, marufi da sarrafa kayan aikin hannu.
sitaci m
Bayan mannen sitaci ya shiga cikin karni na 21, kyakkyawan yanayin muhalli na kayan zai zama babban fasalin sabon abu. Sitaci ba mai guba bane, mara lahani, mai rahusa, mai yuwuwa kuma mai mu'amala da muhalli mai sabunta albarkatun halitta. Ana amfani da shi sosai a masana'antu daban-daban. Musamman a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, fasahar samar da masana'antu ta duniya ta hanyar samar da makamashi ta hanyar samar da makamashi, ƙananan farashi, babu adadin cutarwa, babban danko kuma babu sauran ƙarfi.
A matsayin nau'in samfurin kare muhalli na kore, mannen sitaci ya jawo hankali mai yawa da kulawa sosai a cikin masana'antar mannewa. Dangane da aikace-aikacen da ci gaban mannen sitaci, tsammanin mannen sitaci oxidized ta sitaci masara yana da ban sha'awa, kuma bincike da aikace-aikacen sune mafi yawa.
Kwanan nan, sitaci a matsayin abin ɗamara ana amfani da shi ne a cikin takarda da samfuran takarda, kamar su kwali da kwali, lakabi, gluing na jirgin sama, ambulan mannewa, haɗin jakar takarda mai yawa, da sauransu.
An gabatar da mannen sitaci da yawa a ƙasa:
Oxidized sitaci m
Gelatinizer da aka shirya daga cakuda sitaci da aka gyara tare da ƙaramin digiri na polymerization wanda ya ƙunshi ƙungiyar aldehyde da ƙungiyar carboxyl da ruwa a ƙarƙashin aikin oxidant ta dumama ko gelatinizing a cikin zafin jiki mai ɗaukar sitaci. Bayan da sitaci ya oxidized, oxidized sitaci tare da ruwa solubility, wettability da adhesiveness an kafa.
Adadin oxidant karami ne, matakin iskar shaka bai isa ba, adadin sabbin ƙungiyoyin aikin da aka samar ta sitaci ya ragu, danko na manne yana ƙaruwa, danko na farko yana raguwa, ƙarancin ruwa mara kyau. Yana da babban tasiri akan acidity, nuna gaskiya da abun ciki na hydroxyl na m.
Tare da tsawaita lokacin amsawa, matakin iskar shaka yana ƙaruwa, abun ciki na ƙungiyar carboxyl yana ƙaruwa, kuma dankon samfurin yana raguwa a hankali, amma bayyananniyar tana samun mafi kyau kuma mafi kyau.
Esterified sitaci m
Esterified sitaci adhesives su ne wadanda ba za a iya lalacewa ta hanyar sitaci adhesives, wanda ke ba da sitaci tare da sababbin ƙungiyoyi masu aiki ta hanyar esterification dauki tsakanin kungiyoyin hydroxyl na sitaci da sauran abubuwa, don haka inganta aikin sitaci adhesives. Saboda m giciye-linking na esterified sitaci, don haka The danko yana karuwa, da ajiya kwanciyar hankali ne mafi alhẽri, da danshi-hujja da anti-virus Properties an inganta, da m Layer iya jure high da low da m mataki.
Grafted sitaci m
Grafting na sitaci shine a yi amfani da hanyoyin jiki da na sinadarai don sanya sarkar sitaci ta haifar da radicals kyauta, kuma lokacin da ake cin karo da polymer monomers, ana samun sarkar amsawa. Ana samar da sarkar gefen da ke kunshe da monomers na polymer akan babban sarkar sitaci.
Yin amfani da fasalin cewa duka polyethylene da sitaci suna da ƙungiyoyin hydroxyl, ana iya samar da haɗin gwiwar hydrogen tsakanin barasa na polyvinyl da ƙwayoyin sitaci, waɗanda ke taka rawar "grafting" tsakanin barasa na polyvinyl da ƙwayoyin sitaci, don haka manne sitaci da aka samu yana da ƙari. Kyakkyawan mannewa, ruwa da abubuwan daskarewa.
Domin sitaci manne ne na halitta polymer adhesive, yana da low a farashin, ba mai guba da kuma m, kuma ba shi da wani gurbatawa ga muhalli, don haka da yawa bincike da kuma amfani da shi. Kwanan nan, ana amfani da mannen sitaci a cikin takarda, yadudduka na auduga, ambulan, lakabi, da kwali.
Cellulose m
Abubuwan da aka samo asali na Cellulose ether da aka yi amfani da su azaman adhesives galibi sun haɗa da methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose da sauran ethyl cellulose (EC): A thermoplastic, ruwa-insoluble, nonionic cellulose alkyl ether.
Yana da kyakkyawan kwanciyar hankali na sinadarai, juriya na alkali mai ƙarfi, ingantaccen rufin lantarki da rheology na inji, kuma yana da halaye na kiyaye ƙarfi da sassauci a yanayin zafi da ƙasa. Yana da sauƙin dacewa tare da kakin zuma, resin, filastik, da dai sauransu, kamar takarda, roba, fata, Adhesives don yadudduka.
Methyl cellulose (CMC): ionic cellulose ether. A cikin masana'antar yadi, ana amfani da CMC sau da yawa don maye gurbin sitaci mai inganci a matsayin wakili mai ƙima don yadudduka. Yadudduka masu rufi tare da CMC na iya ƙara laushi kuma suna inganta kayan bugawa da rini sosai. 'A cikin masana'antar abinci, nau'ikan ice creams da aka ƙara tare da CMC suna da kwanciyar hankali mai kyau, mai sauƙin launi, kuma ba sauƙin laushi ba. A matsayin manne, ana amfani dashi don yin tongs, akwatunan takarda, jakunkuna na takarda, fuskar bangon waya da itacen wucin gadi.
Cellulose esterAbubuwan da aka samo: yafi nitrocellulose da cellulose acetate. Nitrocellulose: Wanda kuma aka sani da cellulose nitrate, abun da ke ciki na nitrogen gabaɗaya yana tsakanin 10% zuwa 14% saboda digiri daban-daban na esterification.
Babban abun ciki an fi saninsa da audugar wuta, wadda aka yi amfani da ita wajen kerar fowder marasa hayaki da kolloidal. Ƙananan abun ciki an fi sani da collodion. Yana da insoluble a cikin ruwa, amma mai narkewa a cikin wani gauraye sauran ƙarfi na ethyl barasa da ether, da kuma bayani ne collodion. Saboda maganin collodion yana ƙafewa kuma ya samar da fim mai tauri, ana amfani da shi sau da yawa don rufe kwalban, kariya daga rauni da kuma farkon celluloid filastik a tarihi.
Idan an ƙara adadin alkyd resin da ya dace a matsayin mai gyara kuma ana amfani da adadin kafur da ya dace a matsayin wakili mai tauri, ya zama manne na nitrocellulose, wanda sau da yawa ana amfani dashi don haɗa takarda, zane, fata, gilashi, karfe da yumbu.
Cellulose acetate: Har ila yau aka sani da cellulose acetate. A gaban sulfuric acid mai kara kuzari, cellulose yana acetated tare da cakuda acetic acid da ethanol, sa'an nan kuma tsarma acetic acid an kara zuwa hydrolyze samfurin zuwa ga matakin da ake so na esterification.
Idan aka kwatanta da nitrocellulose, cellulose acetate za a iya amfani da su don samar da ƙarfi-tushen adhesives to bond kayayyakin robobi kamar gilashin da kayan wasa. Idan aka kwatanta da nitrate cellulose, yana da kyakkyawan juriya da juriya, amma yana da ƙarancin juriya na acid, juriya na danshi da juriya na yanayi.
manne gina jiki
Protein mannewa wani nau'i ne na mannewa na halitta tare da abubuwan da ke dauke da furotin a matsayin babban kayan albarkatun kasa. Ana iya yin mannewa daga furotin dabba da furotin kayan lambu. Bisa ga furotin da aka yi amfani da shi, an raba shi zuwa furotin dabba (fen glue, gelatin, manne mai hadadden furotin, da albumin) da kuma furotin kayan lambu (danko, da dai sauransu). Gabaɗaya suna da babban tashin hankali lokacin bushewa kuma ana amfani da su a masana'antar kayan daki da samar da samfuran itace. Duk da haka, juriya na zafi da juriya na ruwa ba su da kyau, wanda mannen furotin dabba ya fi muhimmanci.
Manne sunadaran soya: Sunadaran kayan lambu ba kawai kayan abinci ne mai mahimmanci ba, har ma yana da fa'idodi da yawa a wuraren da ba abinci ba. An haɓaka shi akan mannen furotin soya, tun a farkon 1923, Johnson ya nemi takardar izini don mannen furotin soya.
A cikin 1930, ba a yi amfani da mannen furotin na waken soya phenolic resin board (DuPont Mass Division) saboda raunin haɗin gwiwa da tsadar samarwa.
A cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, saboda fadada kasuwar man fetir, acidity na albarkatun mai na duniya da gurbatar muhalli ya jawo hankali, wanda ya sa masana'antar man ta sake yin la'akari da sabbin abubuwan da ake amfani da su na halitta, wanda ya haifar da adhesives din furotin waken soya ya sake zama wurin bincike.
Manne waken soya ba mai guba bane, mara daɗi, mai sauƙin amfani, amma yana da ƙarancin juriyar ruwa. Ƙara 0.1% ~ 1.0% (mass) na ma'aikatan haɗin gwiwa irin su thiourea, carbon disulfide, tricarboxymethyl sulfide, da dai sauransu na iya inganta juriya na ruwa, da kuma yin adhesives don haɗin katako da kuma samar da plywood.
Manne furotin na dabba: An yi amfani da mannen dabba sosai a cikin kayan daki da masana'antar sarrafa itace. Kayayyakin da aka saba amfani da su sun haɗa da kayan daki kamar kujeru, tebura, kabad, samfuri, kayan wasan yara, kayan wasa da benaye.
Sabbin mannen dabbar ruwa tare da daskararrun abun ciki na 50-60% sun haɗa da saurin warkewa da nau'ikan jinkirin warkewa, waɗanda ake amfani da su a haɗa nau'ikan firam ɗin katako na katako, taron gida ta hannu, laminates masu wahala, da sauran dabbobin thermal marasa tsada. Lokuttan buƙatun ƙarami da matsakaici don mannewa.
Manne dabba shine ainihin nau'in manne da ake amfani dashi a cikin kaset ɗin mannewa. Ana iya amfani da waɗannan kaset ɗin don jakunkuna masu kaya masu haske na gama gari da kuma kaset masu nauyi kamar rufewa ko marufi na fiber mai ƙarfi da kwalayen corrugated don jigilar kaya inda ake buƙatar ayyukan injina cikin sauri da ƙarfi mai dorewa.
A wannan lokacin, adadin manne kashi yana da yawa, kuma ana amfani da mannen fata shi kaɗai ko a hade tare da mannen kashi. A cewar Coating Online, abin da aka yi amfani da shi an tsara shi gabaɗaya tare da ingantaccen abun ciki na kusan 50%, kuma ana iya haɗe shi da dextrin a 10% zuwa 20% na busassun manne taro, kazalika da ƙaramin adadin wetting, plasticizer, gel inhibitor (idan ya cancanta).
Adhesive (60 ~ 63 ℃) yawanci ana haɗe shi da fenti akan takardan goyan baya, kuma adadin adadin daskararrun shine gabaɗaya kashi 25% na adadin tushe na takarda. Za a iya bushe rigar tef ɗin a ƙarƙashin tashin hankali tare da dumama dumama tururi ko tare da daidaitawar iska kai tsaye heaters.
Bugu da kari, aikace-aikacen manne na dabba sun haɗa da kera takarda yashi da abrasives na gauze, girma da suturar yadi da takarda, da ɗaure littattafai da mujallu.
Tannin m
Tannin wani fili ne na kwayoyin halitta wanda ya ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin polyphenolic, wanda ya yadu a cikin tushe, haushi, tushen, ganye da 'ya'yan itatuwa na shuke-shuke. Musamman daga sarrafa itacen ɓawon burodi da tsire-tsire masu yawan tannin abun ciki. Ana hada tannin, formaldehyde da ruwa a dumama a samu resin tannin, sai a hada da maganin warkewa da filler, sannan ana samun tannin adhesive ta hanyar motsawa daidai.
Tannin m yana da kyau juriya ga zafi da zafi tsufa, da kuma aikin gluing itace yayi kama da na phenolic adhesive. An fi amfani da shi don gluing itace, da dai sauransu.
lignin m
Lignin yana daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke cikin itace, kuma abubuwan da ke cikinsa sun kai kusan 20-40% na itace, na biyu kawai ga cellulose. Yana da wahala a fitar da lignin kai tsaye daga itace, kuma babban tushen shi ne ruwan sharar fage, wanda ke da wadataccen albarkatu.
Ba a yi amfani da Lignin azaman manne kaɗai ba, amma polymer resin phenolic wanda aka samu ta hanyar aikin ƙungiyar phenolic na lignin da formaldehyde azaman mannewa. Domin inganta juriya na ruwa, ana iya amfani dashi a hade tare da zobe-loaded isopropane epoxy isocyanate, wawa phenol, resorcinol da sauran mahadi. Ana amfani da adhesives na lignin galibi don haɗa plywood da allo. Duk da haka, danko yana da girma kuma launi yana da zurfi, kuma bayan ingantawa, ana iya fadada iyakokin aikace-aikacen.
Larabci danko
Gum larabci, wanda kuma aka fi sani da acacia danko, wani abu ne daga bishiyar dangin farar daji. An sanya suna saboda yawan samar da shi a kasashen Larabawa. Gum arabic ya ƙunshi ƙananan nauyin kwayoyin polysaccharides da mafi girman nauyin kwayoyin acacia glycoproteins. Saboda ingantaccen ruwa mai narkewa na danko arabic, tsari yana da sauqi sosai, baya buƙatar zafi ko haɓakawa. Gum Larabci yana bushewa sosai da sauri. Ana iya amfani da shi don haɗa ruwan tabarau na gani, tambarin liƙa, liƙa alamun kasuwanci, haɗa kayan abinci da bugu da rini.
Inorganic m
Adhesives da aka kera da sinadarai na inorganic, irin su phosphates, phosphates, sulfates, boron salts, karfe oxides, da dai sauransu, ana kiran su da inorganic adhesives. Halayensa:
(1) High zafin jiki juriya, iya jure 1000 ℃ ko mafi girma zazzabi:
(2) Kyawawan abubuwan hana tsufa:
(3) Ƙananan raguwa
(4) Girma mai girma. Modules na roba tsari ne na ƙafar ƙafa fiye da na mannen kwayoyin halitta:
(5) Juriya na ruwa, juriyar acid da alkali ba su da kyau.
Ka sani? Adhesives suna da sauran amfani banda mannewa.
Anti-corrosion: Mafi yawan bututun tururi na jiragen ruwa ana lulluɓe su da silicate na aluminum da asbestos don cimma ruwa mai zafi, amma saboda ɗigogi ko yanayin sanyi da zafi, ana samar da ruwa mai ƙarfi, wanda ke taruwa a bangon waje na bututun tururi na ƙasa; kuma bututun tururi suna nunawa zuwa babban zafin jiki na dogon lokaci, gishiri mai narkewa Matsayin lalata bangon waje yana da matukar tsanani.
Don wannan karshen, za a iya amfani da jerin mannen gilashin ruwa azaman kayan shafa akan kasan Layer na silicate na aluminum don samar da sutura tare da tsarin enamel. A cikin shigarwa na inji, yawancin abubuwan da aka haɗa suna kullewa. Bayyanuwa na dogon lokaci zuwa iska don na'urorin da aka kulle na iya haifar da lalata. A cikin aikin injiniyoyi, wani lokaci ana sassaukar da kusoshi saboda tsananin girgiza.
Don magance wannan matsala, ana iya haɗa abubuwan haɗin kai tare da mannen inorganic a cikin shigarwa na inji, sa'an nan kuma haɗi tare da kusoshi. Wannan ba zai iya taka rawa kawai a cikin ƙarfafawa ba, amma kuma yana taka rawa wajen hana lalata.
Biomedical: Abun da ke cikin kayan hydroxyapatite bioceramic yana kusa da ɓangaren inorganic na ƙashin ɗan adam, yana da kyakkyawan yanayin halitta, yana iya samar da haɗin haɗin sinadarai mai ƙarfi tare da kashi, kuma shine ingantaccen kayan maye gurbin nama.
Duk da haka, ma'auni na yau da kullum na kayan da aka shirya na HA yana da girma kuma ƙarfin yana da ƙananan, kuma aikin ba shi da kyau. An zaɓi manne gilashin phosphate, kuma HA albarkatun foda yana haɗuwa tare a ƙananan zafin jiki fiye da yanayin zafin jiki na gargajiya ta hanyar aikin mannewa, ta haka ne ya rage ma'auni na roba da kuma tabbatar da aikin kayan aiki.
Cohesion Technologies Ltd. ta sanar da cewa sun ƙera Coseal sealant wanda za a iya amfani da shi don haɗin zuciya kuma an yi amfani da shi cikin nasara a asibiti. Ta hanyar kwatankwacin amfani da lokuta 21 na tiyatar zuciya a Turai, an gano cewa yin amfani da tiyatar Coseal ya rage yawan mannewar tiyata idan aka kwatanta da sauran hanyoyin. Binciken farko na asibiti na gaba ya nuna cewa Coseal sealant yana da babban tasiri a aikin tiyata na zuciya, gynecological da ciki.
Aikace-aikacen adhesives a cikin magani an san shi azaman sabon ci gaba a cikin masana'antar m. Manne tsarin da ya ƙunshi resin epoxy ko polyester mara saturated.
A fasahar tsaro: Jiragen ruwa na Stealth suna daya daga cikin alamomin sabunta kayan aikin sojan ruwa. Muhimmiyar hanyar satar jirgin ruwa ita ce sanya tayal mai ɗaukar sauti akan harsashi na jirgin ruwa. Tile mai ɗaukar sauti wani nau'i ne na roba tare da abubuwan ɗaukar sauti.
Domin gane da m hade da muffler tayal da karfe farantin bango na jirgin ruwa, shi wajibi ne don dogara a kan m. An yi amfani da shi a fagen soja: kula da tanki, taron kwale-kwale na soja, jiragen sama masu saukar ungulu na jirgin sama, makami mai linzami na warhead thermal kariya Layer bonding, shirye-shiryen kayan kama-karya, yaƙi da ta'addanci da ta'addanci.
Yana da ban mamaki? Kar ku kalli ’yar mannenmu, akwai ilimi da yawa a cikinsa.
Babban kayan aikin jiki da sinadarai na m
Lokacin aiki
Matsakaicin tazarar lokaci tsakanin haɗaɗɗiyar mannewa da haɗe-haɗe na sassan da za a ɗaure
Lokacin warkewa na farko
Lokacin Ƙarfin Cirewa Yana Ba da Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfi don Gudanar da Haɗaɗɗiya, gami da Matsar da Sashe na Fixtures.
cikakken lokacin magani
Lokacin da ake buƙata don cimma kaddarorin injina na ƙarshe bayan haɗuwa da m
lokacin ajiya
Ƙarƙashin wasu sharuɗɗa, manne zai iya kula da kaddarorin sarrafa sa da lokacin ajiya na ƙayyadadden ƙarfi
ƙarfin haɗin gwiwa
Ƙarƙashin aikin ƙarfin waje, damuwa da ake buƙata don yin hulɗar tsakanin mannewa da mannewa a cikin ɓangaren mannewa ya rushe ko kusa da shi.
Ƙarfin ƙarfi
Ƙarfin shear yana nufin ƙarfin shear wanda saman haɗin naúrar zai iya jurewa lokacin da ɓangaren haɗin gwiwa ya lalace, kuma an bayyana naúrar a MPa (N/mm2)
Ƙarfin cirewa mara daidaituwa
Matsakaicin nauyin da haɗin gwiwa zai iya ɗauka lokacin da aka yi amfani da ƙarfin cirewa mara daidaituwa, saboda yawancin nauyin yana ta'allaka ne a kan gefuna biyu ko gefe ɗaya na mannen Layer, kuma ƙarfin yana da tsawon raka'a maimakon kowane yanki, kuma naúrar. da KN/m
Ƙarfin Ƙarfi
Ƙarfin ƙwanƙwasa, wanda kuma aka sani da ƙarfin cirewa na uniform da ingantaccen ƙarfi mai ƙarfi, yana nufin ƙarfin juzu'i a kowane yanki lokacin da mannewa ya lalace da ƙarfi, kuma an bayyana naúrar a MPa (N/mm2).
karfin kwasfa
Ƙarfin kwasfa shine matsakaicin nauyin kowane nisa na raka'a wanda zai iya jurewa lokacin da aka raba sassan da aka haɗa a ƙarƙashin ƙayyadadden yanayin kwasfa, kuma an bayyana sashinsa a cikin KN/m
Lokacin aikawa: Afrilu-25-2024