Cellulose wani hadadden polysaccharide ne wanda ya ƙunshi raka'o'in glucose da yawa waɗanda aka haɗa ta hanyar haɗin β-1,4-glycosidic. Yana da babban bangaren ganuwar kwayoyin halitta kuma yana ba da ganuwar tantanin halitta mai ƙarfi na tsari da ƙarfi. Saboda da dogon cellulose kwayoyin sarkar da high crystallinity, yana da karfi da kwanciyar hankali da insolubleness.
(1) Abubuwan da ke cikin cellulose da wahalar narkewa
Cellulose yana da kaddarorin masu zuwa waɗanda ke yin wahalar narkewa:
High crystallinity: Salon kwayoyin cellulose suna samar da tsari mai tsauri ta hanyar haɗin hydrogen da dakarun van der Waals.
Matsayi mai girma na polymerization: Matsayin polymerization (watau tsawon sarkar kwayoyin halitta) na cellulose yana da girma, yawanci daga ɗaruruwa zuwa dubban raka'o'in glucose, wanda ke ƙara kwanciyar hankali na kwayoyin.
Haɗin haɗin hydrogen: Abubuwan haɗin hydrogen suna yaɗuwa tsakanin kuma a cikin sarƙoƙin ƙwayoyin ƙwayar cuta, yana sa da wahala a lalata su da narkar da su ta hanyar kaushi na gabaɗaya.
(2) Reagents masu narkar da cellulose
A halin yanzu, sanannun reagents waɗanda zasu iya narkar da cellulose yadda ya kamata sun haɗa da nau'ikan masu zuwa:
1. Ionic Liquids
Riwayoyin Ionic ruwa ne da suka ƙunshi cations na kwayoyin halitta da kwayoyin halitta ko inorganic anions, yawanci tare da rashin ƙarfi, kwanciyar hankali mai ƙarfi da babban daidaitawa. Wasu ruwayoyi na ionic na iya narkar da cellulose, kuma babbar hanyar ita ce karya haɗin gwiwar hydrogen tsakanin sarƙoƙi na kwayoyin cellulose. Ruwan ion na yau da kullun waɗanda ke narkar da cellulose sun haɗa da:
1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([BMIM] Cl): Wannan ruwa na ionic yana narkar da cellulose ta hanyar mu'amala da haɗin gwiwar hydrogen a cikin cellulose ta hanyar masu karɓar haɗin haɗin hydrogen.
1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([EMIM] [Ac]): Wannan ruwa na ionic na iya narkar da babban adadin cellulose a ƙarƙashin yanayi mara kyau.
2. Amine oxidant bayani
Amine oxidant bayani kamar gauraye bayani na diethylamine (DEA) da kuma jan karfe chloride ake kira [Cu (II) -ammonium bayani], wanda shi ne mai karfi ƙarfi tsarin da zai iya narkar da cellulose. Yana lalata tsarin kristal na cellulose ta hanyar hadawan abu da iskar shaka da hydrogen bonding, yana sa sarkar kwayoyin halitta ta cellulose ta yi laushi kuma ta fi narkewa.
3. Lithium chloride-dimethylacetamide (LiCl-DMAc) tsarin
Tsarin LiCl-DMAc (lithium chloride-dimethylacetamide) yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin narkar da cellulose. LiCl na iya samar da gasa don haɗin gwiwar hydrogen, ta haka ne ke lalata hanyar haɗin gwiwar hydrogen tsakanin ƙwayoyin cellulose, yayin da DMAc a matsayin mai ƙarfi zai iya yin hulɗa da kyau tare da sarkar kwayoyin cellulose.
4. Hydrochloric acid/zinc chloride bayani
Maganin hydrochloric acid/zinc chloride shine farkon gano reagent wanda zai iya narkar da cellulose. Yana iya narkar da cellulose ta hanyar samar da sakamako mai daidaitawa tsakanin zinc chloride da sarƙoƙin ƙwayoyin cuta na cellulose, da hydrochloric acid yana lalata haɗin hydrogen tsakanin ƙwayoyin cellulose. Duk da haka, wannan bayani yana da matukar lalacewa ga kayan aiki kuma yana iyakance a aikace-aikace masu amfani.
5. Fibrinolytic enzymes
Fibrinolytic enzymes (irin su cellulases) suna narkar da cellulose ta hanyar haifar da bazuwar cellulose zuwa ƙananan oligosaccharides da monosaccharides. Wannan hanya tana da aikace-aikace iri-iri a cikin fagage na biodegradation da canza yanayin halitta, kodayake tsarin narkar da shi ba narkar da sinadarai gaba ɗaya ba ne, amma ana samun ta ta hanyar biocatalysis.
(3) Tsarin narkewar cellulose
Reagents daban-daban suna da hanyoyi daban-daban don narkar da cellulose, amma gabaɗaya ana iya danganta su zuwa manyan hanyoyin guda biyu:
Rushewar haɗin gwiwar hydrogen: Rusa haɗin gwiwar hydrogen tsakanin sarƙoƙi na kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar gasa ta haɗin haɗin hydrogen ko hulɗar ionic, yana mai da shi mai narkewa.
Sassauta sarkar kwayoyin halitta: Ƙara laushin sarƙoƙi na cellulose da rage crystallinity na sarƙoƙi ta hanyar jiki ko sinadarai, ta yadda za a iya narkar da su cikin kaushi.
(4) Ayyuka masu amfani na rushewar cellulose
Rushewar Cellulose yana da aikace-aikace masu mahimmanci a fannoni da yawa:
Shirye-shiryen abubuwan da suka samo asali na cellulose: Bayan narkar da cellulose, ana iya ƙara gyare-gyaren sinadarai don shirya ethers cellulose, esters cellulose da sauran abubuwan da aka samo asali, waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a abinci, magani, sutura da sauran fannoni.
Abubuwan da ke tushen Cellulose: Amfani da narkar da cellulose, cellulose nanofibers, cellulose membranes da sauran kayan za a iya shirya. Waɗannan kayan suna da kyawawan kaddarorin injiniyoyi da haɓakar halittu.
Makamashin halittu: Ta hanyar narkar da cellulose da lalata, ana iya jujjuya shi zuwa sikari mai narkewa don samar da albarkatun halittu kamar bioethanol, wanda ke taimakawa wajen haɓaka haɓakawa da amfani da makamashi mai sabuntawa.
Rushewar cellulose wani tsari ne mai rikitarwa wanda ya ƙunshi nau'ikan sinadarai da yawa na jiki. Ionic ruwaye, amino oxidant mafita, LiCl-DMAc tsarin, hydrochloric acid/zinc chloride mafita da cellolytic enzymes a halin yanzu an san su zama tasiri jamiái don narkar da cellulose. Kowane wakili yana da nasa tsarin narkarwa na musamman da filin aikace-aikace. Tare da zurfafa nazarin tsarin narkar da cellulose, an yi imanin cewa za a samar da mafi inganci da hanyoyin kawar da muhalli, samar da ƙarin damar yin amfani da haɓakar cellulose.
Lokacin aikawa: Jul-09-2024