Zomatira zachilengedwe ndi zomatira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamoyo wathu. Malinga ndi magwero osiyanasiyana, akhoza kugawidwa mu guluu nyama, masamba guluu ndi mchere guluu. Guluu wanyama umaphatikizapo guluu wapakhungu, guluu wa mafupa, shellac, guluu wa casein, guluu wa albumin, guluu wa chikhodzodzo cha nsomba, ndi zina zotero; guluu wa masamba amaphatikizapo wowuma, dextrin, rosin, chingamu arabic, mphira wachilengedwe, etc.; mchere guluu zikuphatikizapo mchere sera, phula Dikirani. Chifukwa cha magwero ake ambiri, mtengo wotsika komanso kawopsedwe kakang'ono, amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamipando, kusungitsa mabuku, kulongedza ndi kukonza zamanja.
wowuma zomatira
Pambuyo pa zomatira zowuma zimalowa m'zaka za zana la 21, ntchito yabwino ya chilengedwe cha zinthuzo idzakhala chinthu chachikulu cha zinthu zatsopano. Wowuma ndi chinthu chopanda poizoni, chosavulaza, chotsika mtengo, chosawonongeka komanso chosawononga chilengedwe. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana. Makamaka m'zaka zaposachedwa, ukadaulo wopangira zomatira padziko lonse lapansi ukukula motsatira njira yopulumutsira mphamvu, yotsika mtengo, palibe kuvulaza, kukhuthala kwakukulu komanso kulibe zosungunulira.
Monga mtundu wa zobiriwira zoteteza chilengedwe, zomatira zowuma zakopa chidwi chachikulu komanso chidwi chachikulu pamakampani azomatira. Pankhani ya kagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi kakulidwe ka zomatira wowuma, chiyembekezo cha zomatira za wowuma zokhala ndi okosijeni ndi wowuma wa chimanga zikulonjeza, ndipo kafukufuku ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ndizopambana.
Posachedwapa, wowuma monga zomatira amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka muzinthu zamapepala ndi mapepala, monga kusindikiza katoni ndi katoni, kulemba zilembo, gluing wandege, maenvulopu omata, kulumikiza chikwama chamitundu yambiri, ndi zina zambiri.
Zomatira zingapo zodziwika bwino za wowuma zikufotokozedwa pansipa:
Oxidized wowuma zomatira
Gelatinizer yokonzedwa kuchokera ku osakaniza osinthidwa wowuma ndi otsika digiri ya polymerization munali aldehyde gulu ndi carboxyl gulu ndi madzi pansi zochita za okosijeni ndi Kutentha kapena gelatinizing pa firiji ndi yodzaza wowuma zomatira. Pambuyo wowuma ndi oxidized, wowuma okosijeni ndi solubility madzi, wettability ndi zomatira aumbike.
Kuchuluka kwa okosijeni ndi kochepa, kuchuluka kwa makutidwe ndi okosijeni sikukwanira, kuchuluka kwa magulu atsopano ogwira ntchito opangidwa ndi wowuma kumachepa, kukhuthala kwa zomatira kumawonjezeka, kukhuthala koyambirira kumachepa, fluidity ndi osauka. Zimakhudza kwambiri acidity, kuwonekera ndi hydroxyl zomwe zili zomatira.
Ndi kutalika kwa nthawi yochitira, kuchuluka kwa okosijeni kumawonjezeka, zomwe zili mu gulu la carboxyl zimawonjezeka, ndipo kukhuthala kwa mankhwalawa kumachepa pang'onopang'ono, koma kuwonekera kukukula bwino.
Esterified wowuma zomatira
Zomata za wowuma za esterified ndizomatira zosawonongeka za wowuma, zomwe zimapatsa wowuma ndi magulu atsopano ogwira ntchito kudzera munjira ya esterification pakati pamagulu a hydroxyl a mamolekyu owuma ndi zinthu zina, potero kuwongolera magwiridwe antchito a zomatira wowuma. Chifukwa cha kuphatikizika kwapang'onopang'ono kwa wowuma wa esterified, kotero The mamasukidwe akayendedwe akuchulukirachulukira, kukhazikika kosungirako ndikwabwinoko, mawonekedwe a chinyezi ndi odana ndi kachilomboka amapangidwa bwino, ndipo zomatira zimatha kupirira zazikulu ndi zotsika komanso zina.
Kumtengowo wowuma zomatira
Kumezanitsa wowuma ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira zakuthupi ndi zamankhwala kupanga wowuma maselo unyolo kupanga ma free radicals, ndipo mukakumana ndi ma polymer monomers, unyolo umapangidwa. Unyolo wam'mbali wopangidwa ndi ma polymer monomers amapangidwa pa unyolo waukulu wa wowuma.
Potengera mwayi kuti mamolekyu onse a polyethylene ndi wowuma ali ndi magulu a hydroxyl, zomangira za haidrojeni zimatha kupangidwa pakati pa mowa wa polyvinyl ndi mamolekyu owuma, omwe amatenga gawo la "kulumikiza" pakati pa mowa wa polyvinyl ndi mamolekyu owuma, kuti zomatira zowuma zomwe zapezeka zimakhala ndi zambiri. Good adhesiveness, fluidity ndi odana ndi kuzizira katundu.
Chifukwa zomatira zowuma ndi zomatira za polima zachilengedwe, ndizotsika mtengo, zopanda poizoni komanso zopanda kukoma, ndipo siziwononga chilengedwe, chifukwa chake zafufuzidwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Posachedwapa, zomatira zowuma zimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka m'mapepala, nsalu za thonje, maenvulopu, zolemba, ndi makatoni a malata.
Cellulose zomatira
Ma cellulose ether omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zomatira makamaka ndi methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose ndi ena ethyl cellulose (EC): ndi A thermoplastic, madzi osasungunuka, nonionic cellulose alkyl ether.
Ili ndi kukhazikika kwamankhwala abwino, kukana kwamphamvu kwa alkali, kutchinjiriza kwamagetsi kwabwino kwambiri komanso makina opangira ma rheology, ndipo imakhala ndi mikhalidwe yosunga mphamvu ndi kusinthasintha pakutentha kwambiri komanso kotsika. Ndi yosavuta yogwirizana ndi sera, utomoni, plasticizer, etc., monga pepala, mphira, zikopa, Zomatira kwa nsalu.
Methyl cellulose (CMC): ionic cellulose ether. Pamakampani opanga nsalu, CMC nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo mwa wowuma wapamwamba kwambiri ngati chopangira nsalu. Zovala zokutidwa ndi CMC zimatha kuwonjezera kufewa ndikuwongolera kwambiri kusindikiza ndi utoto. 'M'makampani azakudya, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ayisikilimu yowonjezeredwa ndi CMC imakhala ndi mawonekedwe okhazikika, osavuta kutulutsa, komanso osavuta kufewetsa. Monga zomatira, zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mbano, mabokosi a mapepala, matumba a mapepala, mapepala apamwamba ndi matabwa opangira.
Cellulose esterzotumphukira: makamaka nitrocellulose ndi cellulose acetate. Nitrocellulose: Imadziwikanso kuti cellulose nitrate, nayitrojeni wake amakhala pakati pa 10% ndi 14% chifukwa cha magawo osiyanasiyana a esterification.
Zomwe zili pamwambazi zimadziwika kuti thonje lamoto, lomwe lakhala likugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga utsi wopanda utsi komanso phulusa. Zomwe zili zochepa zimadziwika kuti collodion. Izo sizisungunuka m'madzi, koma zimasungunuka mu zosungunulira zosakaniza za ethyl mowa ndi ether, ndipo yankho lake ndi collodion. Chifukwa chosungunulira cha collodion chimasanduka nthunzi ndikupanga filimu yolimba, nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito potseka mabotolo, kuteteza mabala ndi celluloid yoyamba ya pulasitiki m'mbiri.
Ngati kuchuluka koyenera kwa utomoni wa alkyd kuwonjezeredwa ngati chosinthira ndipo kuchuluka koyenera kwa camphor kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chowumitsa, chimakhala chomatira cha nitrocellulose, chomwe nthawi zambiri chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga mapepala, nsalu, zikopa, galasi, zitsulo ndi zitsulo.
Ma cellulose acetate: Amatchedwanso cellulose acetate. Pamaso pa sulfuric acid chothandizira, mapadi ndi acetated ndi chisakanizo cha asidi asidi ndi Mowa, ndiyeno kuchepetsa asidi acetic anawonjezera kuti hydrolyze mankhwala ku mlingo wofunidwa wa esterification.
Poyerekeza ndi nitrocellulose, cellulose acetate ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kupanga zomatira zosungunulira kuzinthu zapulasitiki zomangira monga magalasi ndi zoseweretsa. Poyerekeza ndi cellulose nitrate, ili ndi kukana kwamphamvu kwambiri komanso kukhazikika, koma imakhala ndi kukana kwa asidi, kukana chinyezi komanso kukana nyengo.
mapuloteni guluu
Zomatira zamapuloteni ndi zomatira zachilengedwe zomwe zimakhala ndi zinthu zokhala ndi mapuloteni monga zida zazikulu. Zomatira zimatha kupangidwa kuchokera ku mapuloteni a nyama ndi mapuloteni a masamba. Malinga ndi mapuloteni omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito, amagawidwa kukhala mapuloteni a nyama (fen glue, gelatin, complex protein glue, albumin) ndi mapuloteni a masamba (nyemba chingamu, etc.). Nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi mgwirizano waukulu zikauma ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mipando ndi kupanga matabwa. Komabe, kukana kwake kutentha ndi kukana kwa madzi kumakhala kosauka, zomwe zomatira zamapuloteni a nyama ndizofunikira kwambiri.
Soya mapuloteni guluu: Mapuloteni masamba si zofunika chakudya zopangira, komanso ali ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana m'minda sanali chakudya. Anapangidwa ndi zomatira zama protein a soya, koyambirira kwa 1923, Johnson adafunsira chiphaso cha zomatira zama protein a soya.
Mu 1930, zomatira za soya protein phenolic resin board (DuPont Mass Division) sizinagwiritsidwe ntchito kwambiri chifukwa cha mphamvu zomangira zofooka komanso mtengo wokwera wopanga.
M'zaka zaposachedwa, chifukwa chakukula kwa msika womatira, kuchuluka kwa mafuta padziko lonse lapansi ndi kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe kwakopa chidwi, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti makampani omatira aganizirenso zomatira zatsopano zachilengedwe, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zomatira zamapuloteni za soya zikhalenso malo opangira kafukufuku.
Zomatira za soya ndizopanda poizoni, zopanda kukoma, zosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito, koma sizingavutike ndi madzi. Kuonjezera 0.1% ~ 1.0% (unyinji) wa zinthu zogwirizanitsa zinthu monga thiourea, carbon disulfide, tricarboxymethyl sulfide, ndi zina zotero.
Zomatira zomatira ku nyama: Zomatira zanyama zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m’mafakitale opangira mipando ndi matabwa. Zogulitsa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizapo mipando monga mipando, matebulo, makabati, zitsanzo, zoseweretsa, katundu wamasewera ndi ma deckers.
Zomatira zatsopano zanyama zamadzimadzi zokhala ndi zolimba za 50-60% zimaphatikizapo mitundu yochizira mwachangu komanso yochizira pang'onopang'ono, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikiza mapanelo amakabati olimba, msonkhano wapanyumba, zoyala zovuta, ndi nyama zina zotsika mtengo zotentha. Zomatira zazing'ono ndi zapakati zimafuna nthawi za guluu.
Guluu wa nyama ndi mtundu woyambira wa zomatira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito patepi zomatira. Matepiwa atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati matumba ogulitsa opepuka komanso olemera kwambiri monga kusindikiza kapena kuyika za ulusi wolimba ndi mabokosi a malata kuti atumize komwe kumafunikira makina othamanga komanso kulimba kwa ma bond kwanthawi yayitali.
Panthawiyi, kuchuluka kwa guluu wa fupa ndi kwakukulu, ndipo guluu wa khungu nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito payekha kapena kuphatikiza ndi fupa. Malinga ndi Coating Online, zomatira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri zimapangidwa ndi zolimba pafupifupi 50%, ndipo zimatha kusakanizidwa ndi dextrin pa 10% mpaka 20% ya misa youma ya guluu, komanso chonyowetsa pang'ono, plasticizer, gel inhibitor (ngati kuli kofunikira).
Zomatira (60 ~ 63 ℃) nthawi zambiri zimasakanizidwa ndi utoto pamapepala ochirikiza, ndipo kuchuluka kwa zolimba nthawi zambiri kumakhala 25% ya unyinji wa pepala. Tepi yonyowa imatha kuumitsidwa movutikira ndi ma roller otenthetsera nthunzi kapena ndi ma heaters osinthika.
Kuphatikiza apo, ntchito zomatira nyama zimaphatikizapo kupanga sandpaper ndi ma abrasives a gauze, makulidwe ndi zokutira za nsalu ndi mapepala, komanso kumanga mabuku ndi magazini.
Zomatira za tannin
Tannin ndi organic pawiri wokhala ndi magulu a polyphenolic, omwe amapezeka kwambiri mu tsinde, khungwa, mizu, masamba ndi zipatso za mbewu. Makamaka kuchokera ku matabwa okonza makungwa a mitengo ndi zomera zomwe zimakhala ndi tannin wambiri. Mafuta a tannin, formaldehyde ndi madzi amasakanizidwa ndikutenthedwa kuti apeze utomoni wa tannin, ndiye kuti mankhwala ochiritsira ndi odzaza amawonjezeredwa, ndipo zomatira za tannin zimapezedwa mwa kuyambitsa mofanana.
Zomatira za Tannin zimalimbana bwino ndi kutentha ndi chinyezi kukalamba, ndipo magwiridwe antchito a matabwa amafanana ndi zomatira za phenolic. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popangira matabwa, etc.
zomatira lignin
Lignin ndi imodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zamatabwa, ndipo zomwe zili mkati mwake zimakhala pafupifupi 20-40% ya nkhuni, yachiwiri ndi cellulose. Ndizovuta kutulutsa lignin mwachindunji kuchokera kumitengo, ndipo gwero lalikulu ndi zamkati zinyalala zamadzimadzi, zomwe zimakhala zolemera kwambiri.
Lignin si ntchito monga zomatira yekha, koma phenolic utomoni polima analandira ndi zochita za phenolic gulu lignin ndi formaldehyde monga zomatira. Pofuna kupititsa patsogolo kukana kwa madzi, angagwiritsidwe ntchito limodzi ndi ring-loaded isopropane epoxy isocyanate, stupid phenol, resorcinol ndi mankhwala ena. Zomatira za Lignin zimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka polumikiza plywood ndi particleboard. Komabe, mamasukidwe ake akukhuthala ndi okwera ndipo mtundu ndi wozama, ndipo pambuyo kusintha, kukula kwa ntchito akhoza kukodzedwa.
Chingamu wachiarabu
Gum arabic, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti chingamu cha acacia, ndi exudate kuchokera ku banja la dzombe lakuthengo. Amatchulidwa chifukwa chopanga kwambiri m'maiko achiarabu. Gum arabic imapangidwa makamaka ndi ma polysaccharides otsika kwambiri a molekyulu ndi acacia glycoproteins apamwamba kwambiri. Chifukwa cha kusungunuka kwamadzi kwa chingamu cha arabic, mapangidwe ake ndi osavuta, osafuna kutentha kapena ma accelerator. Gum Arabic imauma mwachangu kwambiri. Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito polumikiza magalasi owoneka bwino, masitampu a gluing, kumata zilembo zazidziwitso, kumangiriza ma CD ndi zida zosindikizira ndi utoto.
Zomatira zopanda organic
Zomatira zomwe zimapangidwa ndi zinthu zopanda organic, monga phosphates, phosphates, sulfates, salt boron, metal oxides, ndi zina zotere, zimatchedwa zomatira. Makhalidwe ake:
(1) High kutentha kukana, akhoza kupirira 1000 ℃ kapena kutentha apamwamba:
(2) Zabwino zoletsa kukalamba:
(3) Kuchepako pang’ono
(4) Kupunduka kwakukulu. Elastic modulus ndi dongosolo la phazi lapamwamba kuposa la zomatira organic:
(5) Kukana madzi, asidi ndi alkali kukana ndizosauka.
Kodi mumadziwa? Zomatira zili ndi ntchito zina kupatula kumata.
Anti-corrosion: Mipope ya nthunzi ya zombo zambiri imakutidwa ndi aluminiyamu silicate ndi asibesitosi kuti akwaniritse kutsekemera kwamafuta, koma chifukwa cha kutayikira kapena kusinthasintha kwa kuzizira ndi kutentha, madzi a condensate amapangidwa, omwe amaunjikana pakhoma lakunja la mapaipi apansi a nthunzi; ndipo mapaipi a nthunzi amawonekera kutentha kwakukulu kwa nthawi yayitali, mchere wosungunuka Ntchito ya kunja kwa khoma dzimbiri ndi yoopsa kwambiri.
Kuti izi zitheke, zomatira zamagalasi amadzi zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zida zokutira pansi pa aluminiyamu silicate kuti apange zokutira ndi mawonekedwe ngati enamel. Pamakina oyika, zigawozo nthawi zambiri zimatsekeredwa. Kukumana ndi mpweya kwa nthawi yayitali pazida zotsekeredwa kungayambitse dzimbiri. Pogwiritsa ntchito makina, nthawi zina ma bolts amamasulidwa chifukwa cha kugwedezeka kwakukulu.
Kuti athetse vutoli, zigawo zogwirizanitsa zimatha kugwirizanitsidwa ndi zomatira zosawerengeka muzitsulo zamakina, ndiyeno zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi mabawuti. Izi sizingakhale ndi gawo lolimbikitsa, komanso zimagwiranso ntchito pa anti-corrosion.
Zamoyo: Zomwe zimapangidwa ndi hydroxyapatite bioceramic zili pafupi ndi gawo la fupa la munthu, zimakhala ndi biocompatibility yabwino, zimatha kupanga mgwirizano wamphamvu wamankhwala ndi fupa, ndipo ndi chinthu chabwino cholowa m'malo mwa minofu.
Komabe, zotanuka modulus wamba wokonzekera HA implants ndi apamwamba ndipo mphamvu ndi yochepa, ndipo ntchito si yabwino. Zomatira zamagalasi a Phosphate zimasankhidwa, ndipo HA yaiwisi ya ufa imalumikizidwa palimodzi pa kutentha pang'ono kuposa kutentha kwachikhalidwe cha sintering pogwiritsa ntchito zomatira, potero kuchepetsa zotanuka modulus ndikuwonetsetsa kuti zinthu zikuyenda.
Cohesion Technologies Ltd. adalengeza kuti apanga chosindikizira cha Coseal chomwe chingagwiritsidwe ntchito polumikizana ndi mtima ndipo chagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino pachipatala. Kupyolera mu kuyerekezera kwa milandu ya 21 ya opaleshoni ya mtima ku Ulaya, zinapezeka kuti kugwiritsa ntchito opaleshoni ya Coseal kunachepetsa kwambiri kugwirizana kwa opaleshoni poyerekeza ndi njira zina. Kafukufuku wotsatira wachipatala adawonetsa kuti Coseal sealant ili ndi kuthekera kwakukulu pakuchita opaleshoni yamtima, azimayi komanso am'mimba.
Kugwiritsa ntchito zomatira muzamankhwala kumadziwika ngati malo atsopano okulirapo pantchito zomatira. Guluu wopangidwa ndi epoxy resin kapena unsaturated polyester.
Tekinoloje yachitetezo: Sitima zapamadzi za Stealth ndi chimodzi mwazizindikiro zakusintha kwa zida zankhondo zam'madzi. Njira yofunika kwambiri yobisalira sitima zapamadzi ndikuyika matailosi osamva phokoso pa chipolopolo cha sitima yapamadzi. Tile yotulutsa mawu ndi mtundu wa mphira wokhala ndi zinthu zomveka bwino.
Kuti muzindikire kuphatikiza kolimba kwa tile ya muffler ndi mbale yachitsulo ya khoma la ngalawa, ndikofunikira kudalira zomatira. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'gulu lankhondo: kukonza akasinja, msonkhano wamabwato ankhondo, zophulitsira ndege zankhondo, zida zankhondo zoteteza chitetezo chankhondo, kukonzekera zida zobisalira, zotsutsana ndi uchigawenga komanso zotsutsana ndi uchigawenga.
Kodi ndizodabwitsa? Osayang'ana zomatira zathu zazing'ono, pali chidziwitso chochuluka momwemo.
Waukulu thupi ndi mankhwala zimatha zomatira
Nthawi yogwira ntchito
Kutalikirana kwa nthawi pakati pa zomatira kusakaniza ndi kuphatikizika kwa magawo kuti amangiridwe
Nthawi yoyambira yophukira
Nthawi ya Mphamvu Zochotsedwa Imalola Mphamvu Yokwanira Yogwirira Ma Bond, kuphatikizapo Kusuntha Magawo kuchokera ku Zosintha.
machiritso nthawi yonse
Nthawi yofunika kukwaniritsa chomaliza makina katundu pambuyo zomatira kusanganikirana
nthawi yosungirako
Pazifukwa zina, zomatira zimathabe kusunga katundu wake wogwirira ntchito komanso nthawi yosungiramo mphamvu yodziwika
mphamvu ya mgwirizano
Pansi pa mphamvu yakunja, kupsinjika komwe kumafunikira kuti pakhale mawonekedwe pakati pa zomatira ndi zomatira mu gawo lomatira limaphwanyidwa kapena pafupi.
Kumeta ubweya mphamvu
Mphamvu yometa ubweya imatanthawuza mphamvu yometa ubweya yomwe gawo lomangira limatha kupirira gawo lomangira lawonongeka, ndipo gawo lake limawonetsedwa mu MPa (N/mm2)
Mphamvu zokoka zosagwirizana
The pazipita katundu kuti olowa akhoza kunyamula pamene pansi pa mphamvu yosagwirizana kukoka-off, chifukwa katundu kwambiri anaikira m'mbali ziwiri kapena m'mphepete mwa zomatira wosanjikiza, ndipo mphamvu ndi pa unit kutalika osati pa unit dera, ndi unit. ndi KN/m
Kulimba kwamakokedwe
Mphamvu yamphamvu, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti mphamvu yokoka yunifolomu ndi mphamvu yabwino, imatanthawuza mphamvu yowonongeka pagawo lililonse pamene zomatirazo zawonongeka ndi mphamvu, ndipo unit imasonyezedwa mu MPa (N / mm2).
peel mphamvu
Mphamvu ya peel ndiye kuchuluka kwa katundu pamlingo wagawo womwe ungathe kupirira pomwe zida zomangika zimapatulidwa pansi pamikhalidwe yodziwika bwino, ndipo gawo lake limawonetsedwa mu KN/m
Nthawi yotumiza: Apr-25-2024