1.Ibikoresho byo gutegura no gutegura selile
Igishushanyo 1 cyerekana imiterere isanzwe ya erether. Buri gice cya BD-Anhydroglucose (ishami risubiramo selile) risimbuza itsinda rimwe kuri C (2), C (3) na C (3) imyanya, ni ukuvuga, hashobora kubaho amatsinda agera kuri atatu. Kubera urunigi-urunigi hamwe na inter-urunigiUbugari Macronolecules, biragoye gusezerera mumazi ndetse no hafi ya kama. Kumenyekanisha amatsinda ya ether binyuze kuri erindshinomic yangiza imitekerereze myiza n'amaso, biteza imbere hydrofilirity yayo, kandi itezimbere cyane kukesha ibintu byayo mu bitangazamakuru by'amazi.
Ubusanzwe abasimbuye bashimishijwe ni amatsinda make ya alkoxy (1 kugeza 4 atome) cyangwa amatsinda ya hydroxkyl cyangwa ibindi bindi, bishobora gusimburwa nindi matsinda yimikorere nka Carboxyl, Hydroxyl cyangwa Amatsinda ya Amino. Abasimbuye barashobora kuba bafite ubwoko bumwe, bubiri cyangwa butandukanye. Kuruhande rwumurongo wa colbilose, amatsinda ya hydroxyl kuri c (2), c (3) na c (3) imyanya ya buri gice cya glucose yasimbuwe muburyo butandukanye. Kuvuga neza, ether eselise ntabwo ifite imiterere yimiti isobanutse, usibye ibyo bicuruzwa bisimburwa nubwoko bumwe bwitsinda (amatsinda atatu ya hydlexyle arasimburwa). Ibicuruzwa birashobora gukoreshwa gusa gusesengura laboratoire nubushakashatsi, kandi nta gaciro gafite agaciro.
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(b) urunigi rwa molecular igice cya carboxymethylhydroxyyeryl selile, urwego rwo gusimbuza Carboxymethyl ni 0.5, urwego rwo gusimbuza HydroxyEthyyl ni 2.0, n'urwego rwo gusimbuza abantu ni 3.0. Iyi nyubako igereranya urwego rusanzwe rwo gusimbuza amatsinda asohotse, ariko abasimbuye mubyukuri.
Kuri buri gusimburwa, umubare wuzuye wa erishisiyo ugaragazwa nurwego rwo gusimbuza DS Agaciro. Urutonde rwa DS ni 0 ~ 3, ruhwanye nitsinda ryimibare ya hydroxyl ryasimbuwe namatsinda yo guhinduranya kuri buri gice cya anhydroglucose.
Kuri hydroxyalkyl bahanganye na selile, reaction yo gusimbuza izatangira guhinduka mumatsinda mashya yubusa, kandi urwego rwo gusimburwa rushobora kubarwa na Madamu agaciro ka Madamu, ni ukuvuga urwego rwa more yasimbuwe. Yerekana impuzandengo ya moles ya Agent React React yongewe kuri buri gice cya anhydroglucocose. Ibisanzwe bisanzwe ni okiside oxide hamwe nigicuruzwa gifite hydroxyyethyl. Mu gishushanyo cya 1, Madamu Agaciro k'ibicuruzwa ni 3.0.
Mubyukuri, nta karimbi yo hejuru kuri Agaciro Madamu. Niba agaciro ka DS urwego rwo gusimburwa kuri buri tsinda rya Glucose rizwi, impuzandengo yuburebure bwuruhande rwabakora neza (nka -och3 cyangwa -OC2h4oh) kugirango uhagararire urwego nurwego rwa DS na Madamu indangagaciro. Igice kinini cya buri tsinda na DS yacyo cyangwa Madamu Agaciro karashobora guhindurwa no kubara byoroshye.
Abakoresha benshi ba selile ni polymers-polymers, kandi bamwe nabo bahuzwa igice mubintu bya kama. Uburenganzira bwa selile bufite ibiranga imikorere minini, igiciro gito, gutunganya byoroshye, uburozi buke nuburyo butandukanye, kandi ibyifuzo nibisabwa biracyagumirwa. Nkumukozi wungirije, ether ether ifite ubushobozi bukomeye bwo gusaba mubikorwa bitandukanye. irashobora kuboneka na MS / DS.
Abashiraho selile bashyizwe mubikorwa bakurikije imiterere yimiti yabasimbuye muri ainic, abaterankunga na batana. Abashiraho nonetike barashobora kugabanywamo amazi hamwe nibicuruzwa byo gukosora amavuta.
Ibicuruzwa byagize uruhare mu gice cyo hejuru cyimbonerahamwe 1. Igice cyo hepfo yimbonerahamwe 1 yerekana amatsinda azwi cyane, atarahinduka ibicuruzwa byubucuruzi.
Urutonde ruvanze rwa ether bavanze rushobora kwitwa amategeko cyangwa urwego rwa DS (MS), kurugero, kuri HydroxyEllyl Methylcellse, amagambo ahinnye ni hemc, kandi irashobora kandi kwandika nka MHEC, kandi irashobora kandi kwandika nka MHEC, kandi irashobora kandi kwandika nka MHEC, kandi irashobora kandi kwandika nka MHEC, kandi irashobora kandi kwandika nka MHEC, kandi irashobora kandi kwandika nka MHEC, kandi irashobora kandi kwandika nka MHEC, kandi irashobora kandi kwandika nka MHEC, kandi irashobora kandi kwandika nka MHEC, kandi irashobora kandi kwandika nka MHEC, kandi irashobora kandi kwandika nka MHEC, kandi irashobora kandi kwandika nka MHEC, kandi irashobora kandi kwandika nka MHEC, kandi irashobora kandi kwandika nka MHEC, kandi irashobora kandi kwandika nka MHEC, kandi irashobora kandi gukemurwa nka MHEC
Amatsinda ya hydroxyl kuri selile ntabwo byoroshye kuboneka nabakozi bahorera, kandi inzira yo guhindura isanzwe ikorwa mubihe bya alkaline, muri rusange ukoresheje ibitekerezo bimwe na bimwe bya Naoh bitangaje. Ubugari bwa mbere bwakozwe bwa mbere muri selile yabyimbye hamwe na naoh akeous igisubizo, hanyuma agahura reaction yabuze hamwe numukozi wabuze. Mugihe cyo gukora no kwitegura abahanga bavanze, ubwoko butandukanye bwabakozi bakurikiraho bigomba gukoreshwa icyarimwe, cyangwa guhindura bigomba gukorerwa intambwe ku yindi nkabigenewe (nibiba ngombwa). Hariho ubwoko bune bushingiye kuri selile, bikubiye muri make kumurongo wa reaction (filile yasimbuwe na selile -h) ku buryo bukurikira:
Ikigereranyo (1) gisobanura reaction ya Williamson. RX ni acide idasanzwe, na x ni halogen br, cl cyangwa acide sulfuric ester. Chriride R-Cl ikoreshwa muri rusange mu nganda, urugero, methyl chloride, ethyl chloride cyangwa aside ya chloroacetic. Umubare wa stochiometric wibanze ukoreshwa mubitekerezo nkibi. Inganda zifata inganda ether ibikomoka kuri methyl Methyl, Ethyl selile na carboxymethyl selile ni ibicuruzwa bya firiamson.
Itondekanya rya reaction (2) ni reaction ya sepoxide ya base-catalide (nka r = h, ch3, cyangwa c2h5) hamwe namatsinda ya hydroxyl kuri molekile zitari ziryamire. Iyi myitwarire irashobora gukomeza ko ari amatsinda mashya ya hydroxyl yakozwe mugihe cyimyitwarire, biganisha ku minyururu ya olidealylene: reaction isa na 1-aziridine) izakora Aminoethyl ether: selile-o Ibicuruzwa nka HydroxyAythyl Cellleasey, HydroxyPropyl Cellulose na Hydroxybuttyl selile ni ibicuruzwa byose bishingiye kuri sepoxidation-catalide.
Itondekanya rya reaction (3) ni reaction hagati ya selile-yewe nibice kama birimo ubumwe bukora muri alkaline, y nitsinda rya electron-gukuramo electron, nka CN, con,-na +. Uyu munsi ubu bwoko bwimyitwarire ntabwo bukunze gukoreshwa munganda.
Itondekanya (4), Guhangana na diazoalkane ntabwo byagize uruhare runini.
- Ubwoko bwa selire
Uburenganzira bwa Cellulose burashobora kuba Motoether cyangwa uvanze ether, imitungo yayo iratandukanye. Hano hari amatsinda ya hydrophilic yo hasi macronolecule ya selile, nka Hydroxyercule Amatsinda, ashobora kuhatiramo ibicuruzwa byinshi, mugihe impamyabumenyi yo hejuru ya hydrophobic, nka methyl, ethyl, gusa mu gisubizo cya Alkali. Nubushakashatsi bwimbitse kumitungo ya ba EREHORE, erega nshya ya selile nibyatsi byabo bizakorwa byateguwe kandi bigakorwa, kandi imbaraga nini zitwara ibicuruzwa nini kandi zigakomeza kunonosorwa.
Amategeko rusange yingaruka yamatsinda muri bahanga bavanze kumahirwe yo gusahura ni:
1) Kongera ibikubiye mumatsinda ya Hydrophobic mubicuruzwa kugirango wongere hydrophobicity ya ether hanyuma umanure pel entique;
2) Kongera ibikubiye mu matsinda ya hydrophilic (nk'itsinda rya hydroxyyeryl) kugirango wongere perentika;
3) Itsinda rya HydroxyPropyl ryihariye, kandi ikwiye hydroxy operilation irashobora kugabanya ubushyuhe bwa gel, kandi ubushyuhe bwa gel bwibicuruzwa biciriritse bizazuka, ariko urwego rwo hejuru ruzagabanuka rwongeye kuzuka, ariko urwego rwo hejuru ruzagabanuka rwongeye kuzuka, ariko urwego rwo hejuru ruzagabanya gel; Impamvu iterwa nimiti idasanzwe ya karubone yitsinda rya hydroxyProppoyl, urwego rwo hasi rwa hydroxy oppepy, rwacitse intege muri molekile muri selile macronolecule, na hydroproxyle ya hydrocolecule. Amazi yiganje. Ku rundi ruhande, niba gusimburwa ari hejuru, hazabaho polymerisation ku itsinda, ibijyanye n'ibisanzwe mu itsinda rya hydroxyl rizagabanuka, hydrophobity iziyongera, kandi kwikeba bizagabanuka, kandi kwikeba bizagabanuka aho.
Umusaruro nubushakashatsi bwaselile etherifite amateka maremare. Mu 1905, Suida yamenyesheje bwa mbere imitarure ya selile, yari yuzuyeho Dimethyl Sulfate. Abatanga amakuru ya Nonioni Buchler na Gomberg babyaye Benzyl selile mu 1921, Carboxymethyl Thullose Yakozwe mbere na Jansen mu 1918, maze Hubert yabyaye HydroxyEthyl. Mu ntangiriro ya 1920, Carboxymethylcellse yagurishijwe mu Budage. Kuva mu 1937 kugeza 1938, Umusaruro w'inganda wa MC na Hec wabigenje muri Amerika. Suwede yatangiye gutanga umusaruro w'amazi mu 1945. Nyuma ya 1945, umusaruro wa selile wagutse vuba mu Burayi bw'i Burayi bw'iburengerazuba, Amerika n'Ubuyapani. Mu mpera z'umwaka wa 1957, China CMC yashizeho bwa mbere mu ruganda rwa selile. Kugeza mu 2004, ubushobozi bwanjye bwo gukora igihugu cyanjye buzaba toni 30.000 ya ionic ether na toni 10,000 bya toni itari ionic. Kugeza mu 2007, bizagera kuri toni 100.000 za ionic ether na toni 40.000 za nonionic ether. Amasosiyete yikoranabuhanga murugo ndetse no mumahanga nayo ahora agaragara, nubushobozi bwa kallulose yubushinwa nubugari bwa tekiniki bihora mubyiza.
Mu myaka yashize, abantu benshi ba selire na ba ba sekuruza bavanze bafite indangagaciro zitandukanye za DS, vinosities, ubuziranenge hamwe nimitungo yuburyo bwakomeje gutera imbere. Kugeza ubu, iterambere ry'iterambere mu murima wa selire ni ugufata ikoranabuhanga ryateye imbere, ikoranabuhanga rishya ryo gutegura, ibikoresho bishya, ibicuruzwa byiza, n'ibicuruzwa bitunganijwe bigomba gukora ubushakashatsi mu buhanga.
Kohereza Igihe: APR-28-2024