1.Stretrere iyo mabda 'diyaarinta ee cell ether
Jaantus 1 wuxuu muujinayaa qaab dhismeedka caadiga ah ee anshaxyada unugyada. Qayb kasta oo ka mid ah unug-anhdroglucose (waaxda ku celcelinta ee unugyada unugyada) waxay ku badashaa hal koox oo ah C (2), iyo c (6) jagooyin, taasi waa, ilaa saddex qaybood oo ether ah. Sababo la xiriira silsiladda-silsiladda iyo silsiladaha luuqada Inter-silmpens Hydrogen eeMacdanta macruufka maskaxda, Way adag tahay in lagu milago biyaha oo ku dhowaad dhammaan waxyaabaha dareeraha dabiiciga ah. Soo bandhigida kooxaha Ether iyada oo loo marayo dammaanad-qaadka intramolecular iyo Hydrogen-ka Intromrolecaular iyo Hydololeculas Hydrogen, oo ay si weyn u wanaajisaa xaraashkeeda warbaahinta biyaha.
Waxyaabaha la yaqaan ee loo yaqaan 'Etherficients' waa kooxo culeys yar oo isku-dhafan (1 ilaa 4 karoos ah) ama kooxo hydroxyakylyl, oo markaa lagu beddeli karo kooxo kale oo shaqeynaya sida Cardroxyl, hydroxyl ama kooxaha amino. Waxyaabaha kuyaala waxay noqon karaan mid, laba ama kabadan noocyo kala duwan. Barwaabada unugyada maskaxda ee maskaxda ka buuqa, kooxaha hydroxyl ee C (2), iyo jagooyinka C (6) iyo qeybta C (6) ee unug kasta oo gulukoos ah ayaa lagu beddelay cabirro kaladuwan. Hadal si adag u hadal, Cilmi-gu 'ayaa guud ahaan la dhigey qaab dhismeedka kiimikada ee qeexan, marka laga reebo waxyaabahaas oo gabi ahaanba lagu beddelo mid ka mid ah koox kooxeed (dhammaan saddexda hydroxyl kooxaha waa la beddelay). Alaabadan waxaa loo isticmaali karaa oo keliya falanqaynta shaybaarka iyo cilmi baarista, oo aan lahayn qiimo ganacsi.
(a) Qaab dhismeedka guud ee laba qaybood oo anordydrogrogrogluse of chelthose cheltcal silsilad molthes, ~ ~ r6 = h, ama wax ku ool ah oo dabiici ah;
(b) Qeyb silsilad molikalar ah oo ah carboxythylhydroxyetylyl cell, heerka badalka carboxmethyl waa 0.5, heerka badalka hydroxyetyl waa 2.0, iyo heerka badalka mashiinka uu yahay 3.0. Qaab-dhismeedkani wuxuu matalaa heerka celceliska ka beddelka kooxaynta kooxaha la sareeyo, laakiin dadka wax ku ool ah ayaa runtii ah kuwo aan kala sooc lahayn.
Wixii wax ku ool ah, wadarta tirada dhiigga waxaa lagu muujiyaa heerka bedelka 'DS'. Kala duwanaanshaha DS waa 0 ~ 3, oo u dhiganta tirada celceliska koollada hydroxyl ee lagu beddelay kooxo Etheels ah oo ku saabsan cutub kasta oo abhdrogloglucose.
Loogu talagalay anshaxa unugyada hydroxyalykylkyl, ku-tilmaamaysa ku beddelashada ayaa ka bilaabi doonta qaddarka kooxo cusub oo hyroxyl, iyo heerka beddelka lagu beddelayo, taasi waa, in molkiisa ee badalka. Waxay ka dhigan tahay tirada celceliska ah ee jahwareerka ee fikirka wakiilka ka-hortagga ee dib-u-soo-celinta lagu daray unug kasta oo aendrogloglucose. Dib-u-habeyn caadi ah waa ethyleneneene oxide iyo sheygu wuxuu leeyahay wax lagu beddelo hydroxyetyl. Jaantus 1, qiimaha MS ee sheyga waa 3.0.
Muuqaal ahaan, majirto xadka sare ee qiimaha MS. Haddii qiimaha DS ee heerka bedelka ee kooxda giraanka gulukoosta ee gulukoosta la yaqaan sidoo kale celceliska soo-saareyaasha 'Ethers' ayaa sidoo kale isticmaalaya jajabyada tirada badan (sida -oc%) ah. Si loo matalo heerka beddelka iyo shahaadada halkii ay ka heli lahaayeen qiimayaasha DS iyo MS. Jajabka ballaaran ee koox kasta iyo DS ama MS qiimaha waxaa lagu beddeli karaa xisaabinta fudud.
Inta badan anshaxa unugyada unugyada ayaa ah polymers biyo-ku-milma, qaarna qayb ahaan waxay ku milmaan dareeraha dabiiciga ah. Cilmiga chert waxay leedahay astaamaha hufnaanta sare, qiimaha hooseeya, ka baaraandegista sahlan, sunta hoose iyo noocyo kala duwan, iyo baahida loo baahan yahay ayaa wali sii ballaaranaya. Iyada oo ah wakiilka kaabayaasha ah, celther ether waxay leedahay awood weyn oo codsi ah oo ku saabsan qaybaha kala duwan ee warshadaha. waxaa heli kara MS / DS.
ENTERS ENTERS waxaa lagu kala saaraa qaab dhismeedka kiimikada ee waxtarka lagu beddelo anionic, ceatic iyo anshax-aan wax ku ool ah. Akhrarnada aan-qunicayn waxaa loo qaybin karaa alaab-lagu miro-biyoodka iyo saliida saliida.
Alaabada la soo saaray ayaa lagu taxay qaybta sare ee shaxda 1. Qeybta hoose ee shaxda 1 waxay qortaan qaar ka mid ah kooxaha wax lagu qoro, kuwaas oo aan wali noqon badeecado ganacsi oo muhiim ah.
Amarka soo gaabinta ee ku-soo-dhaweyn ee ku-dhafka ah ee loo dhasho ee loo yaqaan 'Ether Ether' waxaa lagu magacaabi karaa iyadoo loo eegayo nidaamka alifbeetada ama heerka DS (MS), oo ah soo gaabinta methylcelrelose, iyo soo gaabinta waxaa sidoo kale loo qori karaa MHC illaa Iftiimin beddelka methyl.
Kooxaha hydroxyl ee ku yaal cudurka cellulose si sahlan looma heli karo wakiilada loo yaqaan 'etheritation', iyo geedi socodka qadhaadhku badanaa waxaa lagu sameeyaa xaaladaha alkaline, guud ahaan iyadoo la adeegsanayo xoogaa xoog u leh xalka aque aque. Cellulose waxaa ugu horreyseyda loo abuuray blollel alkali clulole oo leh xalka naoh aqueous, ka dibna waxaa lagu sameeyay ficil-celin xumo oo ku saabsan wakiilka ethil. Intii lagu gudajiray wax soo saarka iyo diyaarintaasho-maalmeedyo isku dhafan, noocyo kala duwan oo ah wakiilo la mid ah waa in la istcimaalaa isla waqtigaas, ama xigta waa in lagu fuliyaa talaabo talaabo ah oo ku saabsan quudinta aan kala go 'lahayn (haddii loo baahdo). Waxaa jira afar nooc oo falcelin ah oo ku saabsan soo gashadaynta unugyada unugyada, oo lagu soo koobay qaaciddada falcelinta (cellulosic waxaa lagu beddelaa unugyada-oh) sida soo socota:
Isle'eg (1) wuxuu sharxayaa falcelinta qaddarka ee Williamson. Rx waa estar aashito anitengiin ah, iyo x waa halogen br, sl ama sulper sull asiid. Chloride R-CL waxaa guud ahaan loo isticmaalaa warshadaha, tusaale ahaan, methyl chloride, chloride chloride ama chloroboretic acid chloronagelide. Qaddarka xasaasiga ah ee saldhigga ah ayaa lagu cunaa jawaab celinta noocaas ah. Qoraalka unugyada ee warshadaha ee loo yaqaan 'cherds-ka' '
Qaaciddada falcelinta (2) ayaa ah falcelinta raacinta ee 'Epoxides' ee salka ku haysa (sida r = h, ch3, ama ch3, ama ch35) iyo kooxo hydroxyl ku yaal moleekul-ka-hoolka-ka-baxa iyada oo aan la isticmaalin saldhiga. Fal-celintaani waxay u egtahay in kooxaha 'hydroxyl' oo cusub la soo saaray inta lagu gudajiro falcelinta, taasoo horseedaysa abuurista simbiraha Oliakelykylyelne: falcelin (aziridine) ayaa abuuri doona aminotyl ether: unug-ch2-nh2-nh2-nh2-nh2-nh2 . Alaabada ay ka mid yihiin hydroxyetyl cell, hydroxypropyl cellulose iyo hydroxybutyl cellulose oo dhan waa wax soo saarka saasurafka salka ku haya.
Qaaciddada falcelinta (3) waa fal-celinta ka dhaxaysa unugyada-oh iyo xeryahooda dabiiciga ah ee ay ku jiraan bogaadin laba-geesood ah oo ku yaal dhexdhexaadka alkaline, y waa koox elektaroonig ah, sida CN, Conh2, ama SOU +. Maanta falcelin noocan ah oo dhif ah ayaa si dhif ah loogu isticmaalaa warshadaha.
Qaaciddada falcelinta (4), waa in damiir la yeelato Diazoolanne weli warshadeyn weli majiro.
- Noocyada AFSHIINKA QARANKA
Cilmiga chether waxay noqon kartaa jeexan ama isku qasan, oo dhismaheeda ayaa ka duwan. Waxaa jira kooxo ku-beddel ah biyo -ro-yar oo lagu beddelay unugyada unugyada maskaxda, sida kooxaha hydroxytyl, oo ku siin kara shey heersare ah biyo, sida methyl, oo ah Etyl, itc. kaliya Sii sheyga qof culeys biyo ah oo gaar ah, iyo sheyga hooseeya ee wax lagu beddelo oo keliya biyaha oo keliya, laguna kala diri karaa xalka alkali alkali. Iyada oo ay weheliso cilmi-baarista-qoto-dheer ee ku saabsan astaamaha anshaxa celyos, ee kanta-hoolka cusub ee kantaroolka ah iyo arimahooda codsi ayaa si isdaba joog ah loo horumarin doonaa oo loo soo saari doonaa, oo ah xoogga wadida ugu weyn ee la safeeyey oo si isdaba joog ah loo soo saaray.
Sharciga guud ee saameynta kooxaha isku dhafan ee ku saabsan guryaha fadhiga guryaha ayaa ah:
1) Kordhinta waxa ku jira kooxo hydrophobic-ka ee sheyga si loo kordhiyo dareeraha neefsashada ee ether oo hoos u dhigta meesha jel;
2) Kordhinta waxa ku jira kooxo biyo-baxa (sida kooxaha hydroxytylyl) si loo kordhiyo meeshii ay ku sugan tahay;
3) Kooxda hydroxypropyl waa mid gaar ah, iyo biyo-hayaha ku habboon ayaa yareyn kara heerkulka geeska, iyo heerkulka jel ee badeecada hydroxypopylated, laakiin heer sare ah oo beddelka ah ayaa yareyn doona dhibicda jel; Sababta ayaa loo sababeeyaa qaab dhismeedka kaarboon-hayaha ee gaarka ah ee kooxda Hydroxypropyl, Hydroxypropyl, oo daciif ah haynta hydrogen-ka ee gudaha iyo inta udhaxeysa moleekules-ka miraha unugyada unugyada unugyada ah ee ku yaal silsiladaha laanta. Biyuhu way xukumaan. Dhanka kale, haddii beddelka uu sarreeyo, kooxdu waxay noqon doontaa polummeration-ka kooxda, waxa ku jira qaraabada ee kooxda hydroxyl kooxda oo yaraanaysa, sodhorobikicity-ka ayaa kordha, iyo fadhiishadda waa la dhimaysaa.
Soosaarka iyo cilmi baaristachelther etherwaxay leedahay taariikh dheer. Sanadkii 1905, Suida ayaa markii ugu horreysay ka sheegtay in qofka la soo saaray ee kahortagga unugyada, kaas oo uu methylated la gashay Dimthyl Sulfate. Atters-ka athyl athers-ka ayaa waxaa amar u leh Lilienfeld (1912), Dreeyefus (1914) iyo leuchs (1920) ee loogu talagalay biyaha-militariga ama saliida-saliidda, siday u kala horreeyaan. Buchler iyo Gomberg waxay soo saareen benzyl bellyl-ka 1921, gaariga boodbood ee loo yaqaan 'bystborykyl' ayaa markii ugu horreysay soo saaray Janssexyl Celly Celly sanadkii 1920. Horaantii 1920-meeyadii, gaariga, gaariga, gaariga, gaariga, gaariga ayaa laga soo qaatay Jarmalka. Laga soo bilaabo 1937 ilaa 1938, soosaarka warshadaha ee MC iyo HEC ayaa lagu ogaaday Mareykanka. Sweden waxay bilawday soosaarka biyo-biyo-ku -furka sanadkii 1945. Kadib 1945, soosaarka unugyada unugyada ayaa si dhakhso ah ugu ballaariyey galbeedka Yurub, Mareykanka iyo Japan. Dhamaadkii 1957, Shiinaha CMC ayaa markii ugu horreysay la soo saaray warshadda ka jirta Shanghai cellyation. Marka la gaaro 2004, awoodda soosaarka ee dalkaygu waxay noqon doontaa 30,000 tan oo ah IONIC Ether iyo 10,000 oo tan oo aan ininic ether ether. Marka la gaaro 2007, waxay gaari doontaa 100,000 oo tan oo ah Iic Etter iyo 40,000 tan oo aan ether ahayn. Shirkadaha tikniyoolajiyadda wadajirka ah ee guriga iyo dibedda ayaa sidoo kale si joogto ah u soo ifbaxaya, oo unugyada kalaha china ee china ay si joogto ah u socdaan.
Sanadihii la soo dhaafay, qaar badan oo unugyo unugyo ah oo unugyo ah oo isku dhafan oo ay ku jiraan qiyam kala duwan oo kala duwan, viscolsies, daahirsanaanta iyo guryaha laxiriira ayaa si isdaba joog ah loo horumariyey. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, diiradda la saarayo horumarka ka jira anshaxa unugyada ee anshaxeedku waa in la qaato tikniyoolajiyadda wax soo saarka ee kahortaga, tikniyoolajiyadda diyaarinta cusub, qalab cusub, alaabooyin cusub, iyo alaabooyin wanaagsan, iyo in si farsamo-galaad ah loo baaro farsamo ahaan.
Waqtiga Post: apr-28-2024