Cellulose waa polysaccharide adag oo ka kooban unugyo gulukoos oo badan oo ay ku xiran yihiin β-1,4-glycosidic bonds. Waa qaybta ugu muhiimsan ee derbiyada unugyada dhirta waxayna siisaa derbiyada unugyada dhirta taageero dhismeed xooggan iyo adag. Sababtoo ah silsiladda molecular cellulose ee dheer iyo crystallinity sare, waxay leedahay xasillooni xooggan iyo aan la milmin.
(1) Astaamaha cellulose iyo dhibka kala dirida
Cellulose waxay leedahay sifooyinka soo socda kuwaas oo adkeynaya inay milaan:
crystallinity Sare: Silsilad-molecular cellulose waxay sameeyaan qaab dhismeed cidhiidhi ah iyada oo loo marayo bonds hydrogen iyo van der Waals ciidamada.
Heerka sare ee polymerization: Heerka polymerization (ie dhererka silsiladda molecular) ee cellulose waa sarreeyaa, inta badan waxay u dhaxaysaa boqolaal ilaa kumanaan unug gulukoos ah, taas oo kordhisa xasilloonida molecule.
Shabakadda dammaanadda Hydrogen: bonds-yada hydrogen-ka ayaa si weyn uga dhex jira silsiladaha unugga unugga cellulose, taas oo adkeyneysa in la burburiyo oo lagu milmo dareerayaasha guud.
(2) Reagents milmaya cellulose
Hadda, reagen-yaasha la yaqaan ee si wax ku ool ah u milmi kara cellulose waxaa ka mid ah qaybaha soo socda:
1. dareeraha Ionic
Dareeraha Ionic waa dareere ka kooban cations organic iyo anion organic ama inorganic, sida caadiga ah leh isbedel hooseeya, xasilloonida kulaylka sare iyo hagaajinta sare. Qaar ka mid ah dareerayaasha ionic waxay milmi karaan cellulose, habka ugu muhiimsanna waa in la jebiyo curaarta hydrogen ee u dhexeeya silsiladaha molecular cellulose. Dareeraha ionic ee caadiga ah ee mila cellulose waxaa ka mid ah:
1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([BMIM] Cl): Dareerekan ionic waxa uu milaa cellulose iyada oo la falgasha curaarta hydrogen ee cellulose iyada oo loo marayo aqbalayaasha curaarta hydrogen.
1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([EMIM] [Ac]): Dareerekan ionic wuxuu milmi karaa xaddi badan oo cellulose ah oo hoos yimaada xaalado khafiif ah.
2. Amine oxidant xal
Xalka Amine oxidant sida xal isku dhafan ee diethylamine (DEA) iyo koloriin naxaas ah waxaa loo yaqaan [Cu (II) -ammooniyam xalinta], kaas oo ah nidaam dareere xoog leh oo milmi kara cellulose. Waxa ay burburisaa qaab-dhismeedka crystal-ka ee cellulose iyada oo loo marayo oksaydhaynta iyo isku xidhka hydrogen, taas oo ka dhigaysa silsiladda unugyada unugyada mid jilicsan oo sii milmi karta.
3. Nidaamka Lithium chloride-dimethylacetamide (LiCl-DMAc).
Nidaamka LiCl-DMAc (lithium chloride-dimethylacetamide) waa mid ka mid ah hababka caadiga ah ee lagu kala diro cellulose. LiCl waxay samayn kartaa tartan loogu talagalay curaarta hydrogen, taas oo burburinaysa shabakada bond bond ee u dhaxaysa molecules cellulose, halka DMac sida dareeraha ah ay si fiican ula falgali karto silsiladda molecular cellulose.
4. Xalka Hydrochloric acid/zinc chloride
Xalka hydrochloric acid/zinc chloride waa shay hore oo la helay kaas oo milmi kara cellulose. Waxay ku milmi kartaa cellulose iyada oo samaynaysa isuduwidda saamaynta u dhaxaysa zinc chloride iyo silsiladaha molecular cellulose, iyo hydrochloric acid burburinta bonds hydrogen ka dhexeeya molecules cellulose. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xalkani waa mid aad u jilicsan qalabka wuxuuna ku xaddidan yahay codsiyada la taaban karo.
5. Fibrinolytic enzymes
Fibrinolytic enzymes (sida cellulases) waxay milaan cellulose iyagoo kicinaya kala-goynta cellulose oligosaccharides iyo monosaccharides yaryar. Habkani wuxuu leeyahay codsiyo badan oo kala duwan oo ku saabsan dhinacyada biodegradation iyo beddelka noole, in kasta oo habka kala diridda uusan ahayn gebi ahaanba kala diri kiimikaad, laakiin waxaa lagu gaaraa iyada oo loo marayo biocatalysis.
(3) Habka kala dirida cellulose
Reagents kala duwan ayaa leh habab kala duwan oo lagu kala diro cellulose, laakiin guud ahaan waxaa loo aaneyn karaa laba hab oo waaweyn:
Burburinta curaarta hydrogen: Burburinta curaarta hydrogen ee u dhaxaysa silsiladaha molecular cellulose iyada oo loo marayo samaynta curaarta hydrogen ee tartanka ama isdhexgalka ionic, taasoo ka dhigaysa mid milmi karta.
Nasashada silsiladda unugyada: Kordhinta jilicsanaanta silsiladaha molecular cellulose iyo yaraynta crystallinity ee silsiladaha molecular iyada oo loo marayo hab jireed ama kiimiko, si ay ugu milmaan dareerayaasha.
(4) Codsiyada la taaban karo ee kala dirida cellulose
Kala dirida Cellulose waxay leedahay codsiyo muhiim ah dhinacyo badan:
Diyaarinta walxaha cellulose: Ka dib marka la milo cellulose, waxaa lagu sii hagaajin karaa kiimiko si loo diyaariyo ethers cellulose, cellulose esters iyo kuwa kale, kuwaas oo si weyn loogu isticmaalo cuntada, daawada, dahaarka iyo beeraha kale.
Qalabka ku salaysan Cellulose: Isticmaalka cellulose kala diri, cellulose nanofibers, xuubabka cellulose iyo qalab kale ayaa la diyaarin karaa. Qalabkani waxa ay leeyihiin sifooyin farsamo oo wanaagsan iyo biocompatibility.
Tamarta noolaha: Marka la milmo oo hoos u dhigo cellulose, waxa loo rogi karaa sokor khamiir leh oo loogu talagalay soo saarista bayofuels sida bioethanol, kaas oo gacan ka geysta horumarinta iyo ka faa'iidaysiga tamarta dib loo cusboonaysiin karo.
Kala dirida Cellulose waa nidaam adag oo ku lug leh kiimiko iyo habab badan oo jireed. Dareeraha Ionic, xalalka amino oksidant, nidaamyada LiCl-DMAc, xalalka hydrochloric acid/zinc chloride iyo ensaymes cellolytic ayaa hadda loo yaqaan inay yihiin wakiilo wax ku ool u ah milanka cellulose. Wakiil kastaa wuxuu leeyahay hab u gaar ah oo lagu kala diro iyo goobta codsiga. Daraasad qoto dheer oo ku saabsan habka kala dirida cellulose, waxaa la rumeysan yahay in habab badan oo wax ku ool ah oo deegaanka u wanaagsan la horumarin doono, taasoo bixinaysa fursado badan oo loogu talagalay isticmaalka iyo horumarinta cellulose.
Waqtiga boostada: Jul-09-2024