Kulingo kunye nokuveliswa kwemveliso ye-nifedipine ehlala ikhutshwa, iipilisi zokuthintela, iipilisi eziguqula isisu, i-ferrous fumarate tablets, i-buflomedil hydrochloride tablets, njl., sisebenzisa.ihydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC)i-liquid, i-Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose kunye ne-polyacrylic acid resin liquid, i-Opadry (ebonelelwe yi-Colorcon, e-UK), njl. zilwelo zokugquma ifilimu, ezisebenzise ngempumelelo iteknoloji yokugquma ifilimu, kodwa zidibene neengxaki kwimveliso yovavanyo kunye nemveliso. Emva kweengxaki zobuchwepheshe, ngoku sinxibelelana nabalingane malunga neengxaki eziqhelekileyo kunye nezisombululo kwinkqubo yokugquma ifilimu.
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iteknoloji yokugqoka ifilimu isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kumalungiselelo aqinileyo. Ukufakwa kwefilimu kunokukhusela iyeza ekukhanyeni, ukufuma kunye nomoya ukwandisa ukuzinza kweziyobisi; imaski incasa embi iyeza kwaye kube lula ukuba isigulane siwuthathe; lawula indawo yokukhulula kunye nesantya sokukhulula ichiza; thintela utshintsho lokuhambelana kwechiza; phucula imbonakalo yethebhulethi Lindela. Kananjalo ineenzuzo zeenkqubo ezimbalwa, ixesha elifutshane, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla aphantsi, kunye nokuzuza ubunzima obuncinci bethebhulethi. Umgangatho wamacwecwe afakwe ifilimu ngokuyintloko kuxhomekeke ekubunjweni kunye nomgangatho we-tablet core, ummiselo we-coating liquid, iimeko zokusebenza zokugubungela, ukupakishwa kunye neemeko zokugcina, njl njl. Ukubunjwa kunye nomgangatho we-tablet core zibonakaliswa kwizinto ezisebenzayo ze-tablet core, i-excipients ezahlukahlukeneyo kunye nokubonakala, ukuqina, iziqwenga eziqhekezayo, kunye nemilo yethebhulethi ye-tablet core. Ukuqulunqwa kwe-coating liquid ngokuqhelekileyo iqulethe iipolymers eziphezulu ze-molecular, iiplastiki, iidayi, i-solvents, njl.
I-1.I-abrasion yecala elinye, ifilimu edge eqhekezayo kunye ne-peeling
Ubunzima bomphezulu we-tablet core yeyona nto incinci, kwaye kulula ukujongana nokungqubuzana okuqinileyo kunye noxinzelelo ngexesha lenkqubo yokugquma, kwaye i-powder enecala elinye okanye amaqhekeza ayawa, okukhokelela kwiipockmarks okanye iipores kumphezulu we undoqo wethebhulethi, onxibe icala elinye, ngakumbi ngefilimu ebhalwe ngoMaki. Inxalenye esengozini kakhulu yefilimu kwithebhulethi efakwe kwifilimu yikona. Xa i-adhesion okanye amandla efilimu ayanelanga, ukuqhekeka kunye nokucima imiphetho yefilimu kunokwenzeka ukuba kwenzeke. Oku kungenxa yokuba i-volatilization ye-solvent ibangela ukuba ifilimu iyancipha, kwaye ukwandiswa ngokugqithiseleyo kwefilimu yokugqoka kunye nengundoqo kwandisa uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi lwefilimu, oludlula amandla okuqina kwefilimu yokugubungela.
1.1 Uhlalutyo lwezizathu eziphambili
Ngokubhekiselele kwi-chip core, isizathu esona sizathu kukuba umgangatho we-chip core awulungile, kwaye ubunzima kunye ne-brittleness encinci. Ngethuba lenkqubo yokugubungela, i-tablet core ixhomekeke kwi-friction eqinile xa iguqa kwi-pan yokugubungela, kwaye kunzima ukumelana namandla anjalo ngaphandle kobunzima obaneleyo, obunxulumene nokuqulunqwa kunye nendlela yokulungiselela i-tablet core. Xa sipakisha iipilisi ze-nifedipine eziqhubekayo, ngenxa yobunzima obuncinci be-tablet core, i-powder yabonakala kwelinye icala, ibangele i-pores, kwaye ifilimu ye-tablet efakwe kwifilimu yayingekho kakuhle kwaye ingabonakali kakuhle. Ukongeza, esi siphene sokugquma sikwanxulumene nohlobo lwethebhulethi. Ukuba ifilimu ayikhululeki, ngakumbi ukuba ifilimu ine logo kwisithsaba, ixhomekeke ngakumbi ekugqokeni kwelinye icala.
Kumsebenzi wokugquma, isantya esicothayo kakhulu sokutshiza kunye nokungena komoya omkhulu okanye ubushushu obuphezulu bokungenisa umoya kuya kukhokelela kwisantya sokumisa okukhawulezayo, ukwakheka kwefilimu ecothayo yeecores zethebhulethi, ixesha elide lokuzibaxa leentsimbi zethebhulethi kwipani yokugquma, kunye nexesha elide lokunxiba. Okwesibini, uxinzelelo lwe-atomization lukhulu, i-viscosity ye-coating liquid iphantsi, amaconsi kwiziko le-atomization agxininiswe, kwaye i-solvent iyancipha emva kokusasazeka kwamaconsi, okubangela uxinzelelo olukhulu lwangaphakathi; ngelo xesha, ukungqubana phakathi kweendawo ezisecaleni kwandisa uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi lwefilimu kunye nokukhawulezisa ifilimu. Imiphetho eqhekekileyo.
Ukongeza, ukuba isantya sokujikeleza sepeyinti yokugqoka sikhawuleza kakhulu okanye i-baffle setting ayinangqiqo, i-friction force kwi-tablet iya kuba nkulu, ukwenzela ukuba i-coating liquid ayinakusasazeka kakuhle, kwaye ukubunjwa kwefilimu kuya kucotha, nto leyo ebangela ukuba umbane wokugubungela umbane. iya kubangela ukunxiba kwicala elinye.
Ukususela kwi-coating liquid, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokukhethwa kwepolymer ekuqulunqweni kunye ne-viscosity ephantsi (ugxininiso) ye-coating liquid, kunye nokungahambi kakuhle phakathi kwefilimu yokugqoka kunye ne-tablet core.
1.2 Isisombululo
Enye kukulungelelanisa ummiselo okanye inkqubo yokuvelisa ithebhulethi ukuphucula ubunzima be-core tablet. I-HPMC yinto eqhelekileyo esetyenziswayo yokwaleka. I-adhesion of excipients tablet ihambelana namaqela e-hydroxyl kwi-adhesion excipient, kwaye amaqela e-hydroxyl enza iibhondi ze-hydrogen kunye namaqela ahambelanayo e-HPMC ukuvelisa ukunamathela okuphezulu; I-adhesion iyancipha, kwaye i-side-side kunye nefilimu yokugqoka ivame ukuhlukana. Inani lamaqela e-hydroxyl kwitsheyini ye-molecular ye-microcrystalline cellulose iphezulu, kwaye inamandla okunamathela aphezulu, kwaye iipilisi ezilungiselelwe kwi-lactose kunye nezinye iiswekile zinamandla okunamathela aphakathi. Ukusetyenziswa kwezinto zokuthambisa, ngakumbi i-hydrophobic lubricants efana ne-stearic acid, i-magnesium stearate, kunye ne-glyceryl stearate, iya kunciphisa i-hydrogen bonding phakathi kwe-tablet core kunye ne-polymer kwisisombululo sokugubungela, ukwenza ukunamathela Amandla ayancipha, kunye nokwanda kwe-lubricity, amandla okubambelela ngokuthe ngcembe ayancipha. Ngokuqhelekileyo, okukhona isixa se-lubricant, kokukhona ukunamathela kubuthathaka. Ukongeza, ekukhetheni uhlobo lwethebhulethi, uhlobo lwethebhulethi ye-biconvex ejikelezileyo kufuneka isetyenziswe kangangoko kunokwenzeka ukugquma, oko kunokunciphisa ukwenzeka kweziphene zokugquma.
Okwesibini kukulungelelanisa ummiselo we-coating liquid, ukwandisa umxholo oqinileyo kwi-coating liquid okanye i-viscosity ye-coating liquid, kunye nokuphucula amandla kunye nokunamathela kwefilimu yokugqoka, yindlela elula yokusombulula ingxaki. Ngokuqhelekileyo, umxholo oqinileyo kwinkqubo yokugquma kwamanzi yi-12%, kwaye umxholo oqinileyo kwinkqubo ye-solvent ye-organic 5% ukuya kwi-8%.
Umahluko kwi-viscosity yolwelo lokugquma luchaphazela isantya kunye nenqanaba lokungena kolwelo lokugquma kumbindi wethebhulethi. Xa kuncinci okanye kungekho nto yokungena, ukubambelela kuphantsi kakhulu. I-viscosity ye-coating liquid kunye neempawu zefilimu yokugqoka ihambelana ne-avareji ye-molecular weight ye-polymer ekuqulunqweni. Ukuphakama kwe-avareji ye-molecular weight, ubukhulu obukhulu befilimu yokugquma, i-elasticity encinci kunye nokumelana nokunxiba. Ngokomzekelo, i-HPMC ekhoyo ngokurhweba inamabanga ahlukeneyo e-viscosity okukhethwa kuyo ngenxa yomahluko kubunzima bemolekyuli. Ukongeza kwimpembelelo yepolymer, ukongeza iiplasticizers okanye ukwandisa umxholo wetalc kunokunciphisa izehlo zokuqhekeka komphetho wefilimu, kodwa ukongezwa kwemibala ye-iron oxide kunye ne-titanium dioxide kunokuchaphazela amandla efilimu yokwaleka, ngoko ke kufuneka kube njalo. isetyenziswe ngokumodareyitha.
Okwesithathu, ekusebenzeni kokugquma, kuyimfuneko ukunyusa isantya sokutshiza, ngakumbi xa i-coating iqalwa, isantya sokutshiza kufuneka sibe ngokukhawuleza ngokukhawuleza, ukwenzela ukuba i-tablet core igutyungelwe ngumaleko wefilimu ngexesha elifutshane. idlala indima yokukhusela i-tablet core. Ukonyusa izinga lokutshiza kunokunciphisa ubushushu bebhedi, izinga lokunyuka komphunga kunye nobushushu befilimu, ukunciphisa uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi, kunye nokunciphisa izehlo zokuqhekeka kwefilimu. Kwangaxeshanye, lungelelanisa isantya sokujikeleza kwepani yokwambathisa ukuya kweyona ndawo ilungileyo, kwaye usete i-baffle ngokufanelekileyo ukunciphisa ukungqubana nokunxiba.
2.Ukubambelela kunye namadyungudyungu
Kwinkqubo yokwaleka, xa ukudityaniswa kwe-interface phakathi kwezilayi ezibini kukhulu kunamandla okuhlukana kweemolekyuli, izilayi ezininzi (amaqhekeza amaninzi) ziya kudibanisa ngokufutshane kwaye zihlukane. Xa ibhalansi phakathi kokutshiza kunye nokomisa akukuhle, ifilimu imanzi kakhulu, ifilimu iya kubambelela eludongeni lwebhodwe okanye inamathele omnye komnye, kodwa ibangele ukuphuka kwefilimu kwindawo yokubambelela; Kwi-spray, xa amaconsi angasomisi ngokupheleleyo, amaconsi angenakunqanyulwa aya kuhlala kwifilimu yendawo yokuhlala, kukho iibhubhu ezincinci, ezenza i-bubble layering layer, ukwenzela ukuba ishidi lokugqoka libonakale.
2.1 Uhlalutyo lwezizathu eziphambili
Ubungakanani kunye nesiganeko sesi siphene sokugubungela ikakhulu ngenxa yeemeko zokusebenza zokugubungela, ukungalingani phakathi kokutshiza kunye nokomisa. Isantya sokutshiza sikhawuleza kakhulu okanye umthamo wegesi yeatomized mkhulu kakhulu. Isantya sokumisa sicotha kakhulu ngenxa yomthamo ophantsi wokungenisa umoya okanye ubushushu obuphantsi bokungenisa umoya kunye nobushushu obuphantsi bebhedi yeshiti. Iphepha alomiswanga umaleko ngexesha kwaye i-adhesions okanye amaqamza ayenzeka. Ukongezelela, ngenxa ye-Angle yokutshiza engafanelekanga okanye umgama, i-cone eyenziwe ngokutshiza incinci, kwaye i-coating liquid igxininiswe kwindawo ethile, okubangelwa kumanzi wendawo, okubangela ukunamathela. Kukho imbiza ecothayo yokugquma, amandla e-centrifugal mancinci kakhulu, ukuqengqeleka kwefilimu akulunganga nako kuya kuvelisa ukuncamathelisa.
I-viscosity yolwelo yokwambathisa inkulu kakhulu, ikwayenye yezizathu. Impahla ye-viscosity yolwelo inkulu, kulula ukwenza amathontsi enkungu enkulu, ukukwazi kwayo ukungena kumbindi luhlwempuzekileyo, ukuhlanganisana kwicala elinye kunye nokunamathela, kwangaxeshanye, ukuxinana kwefilimu kubi, amaqamza angaphezulu. Kodwa oku akunampembelelo ingako ekuncamatheleni okwethutyana.
Ukongeza, uhlobo lwefilimu olungafanelekanga luya kubonakala lunamathele. Ukuba ifilimu ecwecwe kwi-coating pot rolling ayilungile, iya kukhwelana kunye, kulula ukubangela ifilimu ephindwe kabini okanye eninzi. Kwimveliso yethu yovavanyo lweetafile ze-buflomedil hydrochloride, amaqhekeza amaninzi aqengqelekayo avele kwimbiza yokwambatha yee-chestnuts zamanzi ngenxa yokwaleka okusicaba.
2.2 Izisombululo
Ikakhulu ukulungelelanisa isitshizi kunye nesantya sokumisa ukuphumeza ibhalansi eguqukayo. Ukunciphisa isantya sokutshiza, ukwandisa umthamo womoya wokungena kunye nobushushu bomoya, ukwandisa ubushushu bebhedi kunye nesantya sokumisa. Ukwandisa indawo yokugubungela isitshizi, unciphise ubungakanani besuntswana eliphakathi kwamathontsi okutshiza okanye ulungise umgama phakathi kompu wokutshiza kunye nebhedi yeshiti, ukwenzela ukuba iziganeko zokubambelela okwethutyana ziyancipha kunye nokulungelelaniswa komgama phakathi kompu wokutshiza kunye nebhedi yeshiti.
Lungisa umyalelo wesisombululo se-coating, ukwandisa umxholo oqinileyo kwisisombululo sokugubungela, ukunciphisa inani le-solvent okanye ukwandisa ukuxinwa kwe-ethanol ngokufanelekileyo ngaphakathi koluhlu lwe-viscosity; I-Anti-adhesive inokongezwa ngokufanelekileyo, njenge-talcum powder, i-magnesium stearate, i-silica gel powder okanye i-oxide peptide. Inokuphucula ngokufanelekileyo isantya sembiza yokwambathisa, yandise amandla e-centrifugal yebhedi.
Khetha isambatho esifanelekileyo samaphepha. Nangona kunjalo, kumaphepha acwebileyo, afana neepilisi ze-buflomedil hydrochloride, ukugquma kuqhutywe ngempumelelo kamva ngokusebenzisa i-pan yokugqoka esebenzayo okanye ngokufaka i-baffle kwi-pan yokugqoka eqhelekileyo ukukhuthaza ukuqengqeleka kwephepha.
3.Isikhumba esinecala elinye esirhabaxa nesishwabeneyo
Kwinkqubo yokugquma, ngenxa yokuba ulwelo lokugquma alusasazwanga kakuhle, i-polymer eyomileyo ayichithwanga, i-deposition engaqhelekanga okanye i-adhesion phezu kwefilimu, okubangela umbala ompofu kunye nomphezulu ongalinganiyo. Ulusu olushwabeneyo luhlobo lomphezulu olurhabaxa, lubonisa umboniso orhabaxa.
3.1 Uhlalutyo lwezizathu eziphambili
Eyokuqala inxulumene ne-chip core. Ubukhulu bokuqala uburhabaxa bomphezulu wondoqo kukuba, ubukhulu boburhabaxa bomphezulu bemveliso egqunyiweyo buya kuba.
Okwesibini, inobudlelwane obukhulu kunye nomyalelo wesisombululo sokwaleka. Ngokuqhelekileyo kukholelwa ukuba ubunzima bemolekyuli, ugxininiso kunye nezongezo zepolymer kwisisombululo sokugquma zihambelana noburhabaxa bomphezulu befilimu. Benza ngokuchaphazela i-viscosity yesisombululo sokugquma, kunye noburhalarhume befilimu yokugqoka iphantse ihambelana ne-viscosity yesisombululo sokugquma, ukwandisa ngokunyuka kwe-viscosity. Isiqulatho esiqinileyo kakhulu kwisisombululo sokugquma sinokubangela ukurhawuzelelwa kwicala elinye.
Ekugqibeleni, inxulumene nomsebenzi wokwaleka. Isantya se-atomization siphantsi kakhulu okanye siphezulu kakhulu (impembelelo ye-atomization ayilungile), enganelanga ukusasaza amaconsi enkungu kwaye wenze ulusu olushwabeneyo kwicala elinye. Kwaye umthamo ogqithisileyo womoya owomileyo (umoya wokukhupha ukhulu kakhulu) okanye ubushushu obuphezulu kakhulu, ukuvela komphunga ngokukhawuleza, ngokukodwa ukuhamba komoya kukhulu kakhulu, ukuvelisa i-eddy yangoku, kwaye yenza ukuba i-droplet isasazeke ayilungile.
3.2 Izisombululo
Eyokuqala kukuphucula umgangatho we-core. Kwisiseko sokuqinisekisa umgangatho wesiseko, lungisa umyalelo wesisombululo sokugubungela kunye nokunciphisa i-viscosity (ugxininiso) okanye umxholo oqinileyo wesisombululo sokugubungela. I-alcohol-soluble okanye i-alcohol-2-isisombululo sokugquma kwamanzi sinokukhethwa. Emva koko ulungelelanise iimeko zokusebenza, uphucule ngokufanelekileyo isantya sombhobho wokugcoba, yenza ifilimu iqhube ngokulinganayo, yandise ukuxhatshazwa, ikhuthaze ukusasazeka kwe-coating liquid. Ukuba ubushushu bebhedi buphezulu, nciphisa umthamo womoya wokungenisa kunye nobushushu bomoya. Ukuba kukho izizathu zokutshiza, uxinzelelo lwe-atomization kufuneka lwandiswe ukukhawulezisa isantya sokutshiza, kwaye iqondo le-atomization kunye nomthamo wokutshiza kufuneka uphuculwe ukwenza amathontsi enkungu asasazeke ngenkani kumphezulu wephepha, ukuze enze amathontsi enkungu kunye amancinci amancinci. i-avareji ububanzi kunye nokuthintela ukwenzeka amathontsi inkungu enkulu, ingakumbi ulwelo ukutyabeka kunye viscosity enkulu. Umgama phakathi kompu wokutshiza kunye nebhedi yeshiti ungalungiswa kwakhona. Umpu wokutshiza onedayamitha yomlomo omncinci (015 mm ~ 1.2 mm) kunye nesantya esiphezulu sokuhamba kwegesi ye-atomizing ikhethiwe. Ubume bokutshiza bulungelelaniswa kuluhlu olubanzi lwekhowuni ecaba iAngle fog flow, ukuze amathontsi asasazwe kwindawo enkulu esembindini.
4.Chonga ibhulorho
4.1 Uhlalutyo lwezizathu eziphambili
Oku kwenzeka xa umphezulu wefilimu uphawulwe okanye uphawulwe. Ngenxa yokuba i-membrane yempahla ineeparamitha ezifanelekileyo, ezinje nge-elasticity coefficient ephezulu, amandla efilimu abuthathaka, ukuncamathela okungalunganga, njl.njl., kwinkqubo yokomisa inwebu yengubo kuvelisa ukutsalwa okuphezulu umva, ukusuka kwi-membrane imprinting yengubo, ukurhoxiswa kwe-membrane kunye nokuqhawuka. inotshi enecala elinye yanyamalala okanye i-logo ayicacanga, izizathu zale nto ilele kummiselo wolwelo lokugquma.
4.2 Isisombululo
Lungisa umyalelo wesisombululo sokwaleka. Sebenzisa iipolima ezinobunzima obuphantsi bemolekyuli okanye izinto zokwenza ifilimu yokuncamathela ephezulu; Ukwandisa inani le-solvent, ukunciphisa i-viscosity yesisombululo sokwambathisa; Ukwandisa inani leplastiki, ukunciphisa uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi. Impembelelo ye-plasticizer eyahlukileyo iyahluka, i-polyethylene glycol 200 ingcono kunepropylene glycol, i-glycerin. Inokunciphisa isantya sokutshiza. Yandisa iqondo lokushisa lokungenisa umoya, ukwandisa ubushushu be-sheet bed, ukwenzela ukuba i-coating eyenziwe yomelele, kodwa ukuthintela ukuqhekeka komphetho. Ukongeza, kuyilo lokufa oluphawulweyo, kufuneka sinikele ingqalelo kububanzi be-Angle yokusika kunye namanye amanqaku amahle, kangangoko kunokwenzeka ukuthintela ukwenzeka kwento yebhulorho.
5.Impahla ye-membrane yechromatism
5.1 Uhlalutyo lwezizathu eziphambili
Kwizisombululo ezininzi zokugquma kukho ii-pigments okanye idayi eziye zanqunyanyiswa kwisisombululo sokugquma kwaye ngenxa yokusebenza ngokungafanelekanga kokugquma, ukuhanjiswa kombala akufani kwaye umahluko wombala uveliswa phakathi kwezilayi okanye kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zeengcezu. Isizathu esona sizathu kukuba isantya sombhobho wokugquma sicotha kakhulu okanye ukusebenza kakuhle kokuxubana akubi kakuhle, kwaye umphumo wokwaleka okufanayo awunakufezekiswa phakathi kweengcezu kwixesha eliqhelekileyo lokugquma; Uxinaniso lwepigment okanye idayi kulwelo olunombala olunombala luphezulu kakhulu okanye umxholo oqinileyo uphezulu kakhulu, okanye isantya sokutshiza solwelo lokugquma sikhawuleza kakhulu, ubushushu bebhedi buphezulu kakhulu, ukuze ulwelo lokugquma olunombala lungasongwa. ngaphandle ngexesha; Ukubambelela kwifilimu nako kunokubangelwa; Ubume beqhekeza alufanelekanga, njengeqhekeza elide, iqhekeza le-capsule, ngenxa yokuqengqeleka njengeqhekeza elijikelezileyo, kuya kubangela ukuhluka kombala.
5.2 Isisombululo
Yandisa isantya epanini yokwambathisa okanye inani baffle, ulungelelanise kwimeko efanelekileyo, ukuze ishidi epanini ngokulinganayo roll. Nciphisa isantya sokutshiza solwelo, unciphise ubushushu bebhedi. Kuyilo lommiselo wesisombululo sombala, umthamo okanye umxholo oqinileyo we-pigment okanye idayi kufuneka uncitshiswe, kwaye i-pigment enesigqubuthelo esinamandla kufuneka ikhethwe. I-pigment okanye idayi kufuneka ibe-ethe-ethe kwaye amasuntswana kufuneka abe mancinci. Idayi ezinganyibilikiyo zamanzi zingcono kunedayi ezinyibilikayo zamanzi, iidayi ezinganyibilikiyo zamanzi azifuduki emanzini ngokulula njengedayi ezinyibilikayo zamanzi, kunye ne-shading, ukuzinza kunye nokunciphisa umphunga wamanzi, i-oxidation kwi-permeability yefilimu nayo ingcono kunedayi ezinyibilikayo zamanzi. Kwakhona khetha uhlobo lwesiqwenga esifanelekileyo. Kwinkqubo yokugquma ifilimu, kukho iingxaki ezininzi ezahlukahlukeneyo, kodwa kungakhathaliseki ukuba luhlobo luni lweengxaki, izinto ezininzi, zinokusonjululwa ngokuphucula umgangatho we-core, ukulungelelanisa ummiselo wokugqoka kunye nokusebenza, ukuze kufezekiswe isicelo esiguquguqukayo. kunye nokusebenza kwedialectical. Ngobuchule bobugcisa bokugquma, uphuhliso kunye nokusetyenziswa komatshini omtsha wokugquma kunye nezixhobo zokugquma ifilimu, itekhnoloji yokwaleka iya kuphuculwa kakhulu, ifilimu yokwaleka nayo iya kufumana uphuhliso olukhawulezayo kwimveliso yamalungiselelo aqinileyo.
Ixesha lokuposa: Apr-25-2024