1. Ulwaziso kunye neNkqubo yokulungiselela ye-Telulose Ether
Umzobo 1 ubonakalisa ubume obuqhelekileyo beeseluplose Iyunithi nganye ye-BD-AnhhydrogClu (icandelo eliphindaphindayo leselselose) ithatha indawo yeqela kwi-C (2), c (3) kunye ne-C (6). Ngenxa ye-intra-chain kunye ne-chan ye-hydrogen ye-hydrogen yeI-selsulose macromoleules, kunzima ukunyibilikisa emanzini kwaye phantse zonke izinyibilikisi eziphilayo. Ukuqaliswa kwamaqela e-Ether nge-ether veles ukutshabalalisa i-hydromolecular kunye ne-neydrogen ye-hydrogen ye-hydrogen, iphucula i-hydrophicicity, kwaye iphucula kakhulu isolula sayo kwimidiya yamanzi.
Typical etherified substituents are low molecular weight alkoxy groups (1 to 4 carbon atoms) or hydroxyalkyl groups, which may then be substituted by other functional groups such as carboxyl, hydroxyl or amino groups. Izinto ezinokuthathela izinto zinokuba zezinye, ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu ezahlukeneyo. Nge-SelelOse Cleromolecular Chain, amaqela e-hydroxyl kwi-C (2), C (3) kunye ne-C (6) kunye neyunithi nganye ye-GLUcose ayifakwanga kwimilinganiselo eyahlukileyo. Ngokuthetha ngokungqongqo, iseluplose Ether ngokubanzi ayinaso isakhiwo esiqinisekileyo sekhemikhali, ngaphandle kwazo iimveliso ezifakwe endaweni yohlobo olunye lweqela (zontathu ii-hydroxyl zamaqela athatyathwe). Ezi mveliso zinokusetyenziselwa uhlalutyo lwelebhu kunye nophando, kwaye azinaxabiso lezorhwebo.
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(b) I-chain ye-molecular ye-carboxymethylhydroxyyl seluplose, inqanaba lokufaka endaweni ye-carboxymethyl yi-0.5, inqanaba lokufakwa endaweni ye-hydroxyythyl yi-2.0, kunye nenqanaba lokufakwa endaweni ye-molar yi-3.0. Olu lwakhiwo lubonisa inqanaba eliphakathi lokuthathelwa kwamaqela, kodwa izinto ezizimeleyo zihleliwe.
Kwinqanaba ngalinye, inani lilonke le-etheriyation libonakaliswa ngenqanaba lexabiso le-DS. Uluhlu lwe-DS yi-0 ~ 3, elingana nenani le-hydroxyl amaqela athatyathwe ngamaqela e-ESHEROGLluCluCluCluClucose.
Kwi-hydroxabyklkyl seluplose tarial, indawo yokuphendula iya kuqala i-therisation yamaqela amatsha e-hydroxyl, kunye nenqanaba lokufaka endaweni ye-MS, oko kukuthi, inqanaba le-MS. Imele inani eliqhelekileyo le-moles yearhente yokwakhiwa kwakhona kwi-arhynt nganye ye-anhydroglucose. I-Ackary eqhelekileyo yi-ithoylene oxide kwaye imveliso ine-hydroxyteethl. Kumzobo 1, ixabiso le-MS lemveliso li-3.0.
Ithiyori, akukho mda uphezulu kwixabiso le-MS. Ukuba ixabiso le-DS lenqanaba lokufaka endaweni yeqela ngalinye le-GluCose yaziwa, ubude be-chain ye-ether ye-ether ye-Ether of Ether I-Eethen I-Eetionamenti iqhele ukusebenzisa iqhezu le-Elerican (i-WT%) lamaqela ahlukeneyo e-E-EREACE (efana -OC2H) Ukumela inqanaba lokufaka endaweni kunye nenqanaba le-DS kunye ne-MS. Inxalenye yesininzi yeqela ngalinye kunye ne-DS okanye ixabiso layo le-MS linokuguqulwa ngokubalwa ngokulula.
Uninzi lweSeluplose e-Ethers zii-polymers zamanzi, kwaye ezinye zinyibilikisiwe kwizinyibilikisi zendalo. I-Seletulose Ether ineempawu zokusebenza kakuhle, ixabiso eliphantsi, ukuqhubekeka ngokulula, ubuthathaka obunamandla, kwaye iindidi zeemfuno zisasanda. Njengearhente encedisayo, i-SeleyEse Ether inamandla amakhulu kwizicwangciso ezahlukeneyo zemveliso. inokufunyanwa nguNks / DS.
I-Selessulose Talupe ihlelwe ngokwesakhiwo sekhemikhali sabantu abathengisa izinto kwi-ANion, Creadic kunye nakwaNtango. I-Annic Ethen inokwahlulwa ibe ziimveliso ezinyibilikayo kunye neoyile.
Iimveliso ezenziwe ngokubonakalayo zidweliswe kwinxalenye ephezulu yeTheyibhile 1. Inxalenye esezantsi yeTheyibhile 1 idwelisa amaqela awaziwayo awaziwayo, engekabi kuba yimveliso ebalulekileyo yezorhwebo.
I-odolo yokutshintsha kwe-Ether exubeneyo ingabizwa ngokokulandelelana kwe-alfabhethi okanye inqanaba le-DS (Nks), umzekelo, i-2-hydroxyykyl methylcelceluplose, i-SHMC ye-HMC, kwaye inokubhalwa njenge-MHHEC chaza indawo yokuhlala ye-methyl.
Amaqela e-hydroxyl kwi-seluplose ayifikeleleki ngokulula ngeearhente zokhenketho, kwaye inkqubo yokutsaluswa idla ngokuqhutywa phantsi kweemeko ze-alkaline, ngokubanzi isebenzisa uxinzelelo oluthile lwesisombululo se-nauh. I-selsulose yeyokuqala yakhiwe kwi-Alkali Sellulose enombuso we-nahh Alcoeus isisombululo, kwaye emva koko safumana i-etherisis Ngexesha lokuveliswa nokulungiswa kwee-nin ezixubeneyo, iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeearhente zokuthengiswa kwe-elekrele kufuneka zisetyenziswe ngaxeshanye, okanye i-etherterition kufuneka iqhutywa inyathelo ngenyathelo ngokutya okwethutyana (ukuba kukho imfuneko). Kukho iintlobo ezine zokuphendula kwi-ether iSelsulose, eshwankathelwe yifomula yokuphendula (i-solselosc ithathelwa indawo yiseli-oh) ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
I-equation (1) ichaza i-williamson yokuphendula. I-RX yi-Inorganic Acid Ecid, kwaye x yi-halogn br, cl okanye i-sulfuric acid ester. I-Chloride R-CL isetyenziswa kwimizi-mveliso, umzekelo, i-methyl chloride, i-ethloride chloride okanye i-chlorocetic acid. Isixa sezisiko sesiseko sichithwayo. I-SORUNEADE ESTED LEETE ETER I-ETHYL Imveliso ye-Ithyl Selelose, Estyyl Selelose ne-carboxeymethyl selliase ziimveliso ze-williamson.
Ifomula yokuphendula (2) yindlela eyongeziweyo ye-epoxides ye-cataides (enje nge-R = h, i-HI3, okanye i-CH3H5) kunye ne-HYDROH5) kunye ne-Hydroxyl kwiimolekyuli zesellum. Oku kuphendula kunokwenzeka ukuba kuqhubeke njengamaqela amatsha e-hydroxyl kuveliswa ngexesha lokuphendula, okukhokelela ekuqulunqeni i-oligolkylenene ye-Aminothyl Ether: . Iimveliso ezinjenge hydroxyyl seluplose, hydroxypropyl seluplose ne-hydroxybybyl seluplose zonke iimveliso ze-epoxidation yecala.
Ifomula yokuphendula (3) yindlela yokuphendula phakathi kweseli-oh kunye ne-organic equkethe i-alkaline ephakathi, y yiqela lokurhoxa e-Alkaline, enjenge-CN, i-COH2, okanye i-CO3-NAYE +. Namhlanje olu hlobo lokuphendula aluqhelekanga kusetyenziswe umzi mveliso.
Ifomula yokuphendula (4), isigwebo esine-Etheraalkane ayikhiwanga okwenziwayo.
- Iindidi zeSelesese
I-Telupelose Ether inokubangela i-monotere okanye i-ether exutywe, kwaye iipropathi zalo zahlukile. Kukho amaqela angenayo e-Hydrophilic kwi-selsulose macromoleule, enjengemigangatho ye-hydroxyythl, enokuphelisa imveliso kunye namaqela athile ombane, afana neMethyl, njl njl. Nika imveliso i-stomelity yendawo ethile, kwaye imveliso efakwe ephantsi ishukuma kuphela emanzini okanye ingachithwa kwisisombululo se-dilkeli. Ngophando olunzulu kwipropathi ye-Selesese Talupese Talupe, iSeley Seuses kunye neMihlaba yabo yokufunda iya kuphuhliswa kwaye iveliswe, kwaye eyona ndawo iphambili yokuqhuba yindawo ehlaziyiweyo.
Umthetho jikelele wempembelelo yamaqela e-ther ezixubeneyo kwipropathi yokuluka ye-solbing yile:
1) Yandisa umxholo wamaqela e-hydrophobic kwimveliso yokwandisa i-hydrophobizetion ye-ether kwaye inciphise indawo yegesi;
2) Ukonyusa umxholo wamaqela e-hydrophilic (njengamaqela e-hydroxyythl) ukwandisa i-Pol ye-Gel;
I-3) Iqela le-hydroxypropy likhethekileyo, kwaye i-hydroxyyprocypy efanelekileyo inokunciphisa ubushushu be-gene yemveliso, kunye neqondo lokushisa le-hydropyproploploploploplople eliphakathi liya kunciphisa i-geni; Isizathu kukuba ne-carbon ye-carbon yobude be-Hydroxypropy, i-Hydroxyy ye-Hydrogen, i-Hydrogen Bonds phakathi kweMolesUlese Mcromoleule, kunye namaqela e-hydroxyl kumakhonkco esebe. Amanzi alawulwa. Kwelinye icala, ukuba umntu uphakame, kuya kubakho i-polymerization kwiqela elisecaleni, umxholo weqela le-hydroxyl liya kuncipha, i-hydrophobility iya kunyuka, kwaye i-solity iya kuncitshiswa endaweni yoko.
Imveliso kunye nophandoI-Selersese Etherinembali ende. Ngo-1905, uSuida kuqala wanika ingxelo yokuthengiswa kwe-seluplose, eyayine-methylated kunye ne-dimthyl sulfate. I-Ankyl Alkyl ye-ALKYL Buchler and Gomberg produced benzyl cellulose in 1921, carboxymethyl cellulose was first produced by Jansen in 1918, and Hubert produced hydroxyethyl cellulose in 1920. In the early 1920s, carboxymethylcellulose was commercialized in Germany. Ukususela ngo-1937 ukuya ku-1938, ukuveliswa kwemveliso ye-MC kunye neHec kwafezekiswa eUnited States. I-Sweden yaqala ukuveliswa kwe-EHI-i-EHI-i-EHEC ngo-1945. Emva kowe-1945, ukuveliswa kwe-ersuse e-Eurouse, eUnited States neJapan. Ekupheleni kuka-1957, i-China CMC yaqala ukubekwa kwimveliso kumzi-mveliso waseShanghai. Ngo-2004, isikhundla sam semveliso yelizwe iya kuba ziitoni ezingama-30,000 ze-Ionic Ether kunye ne-10,000 yeetoni ze-eon-ion. Ngo-2007, iya kufikelela kwiitoni ezili-100,000 ze-Ionic Ether kunye neetoni ezingama-40,000 ze-oinic dether. Iinkampani zeTekhnoloji edibeneyo ekhaya nase-phesheya zihlala zisavele, kwaye i-Chinase ye-Calulose ye-Ether I-Ether Imveliso kunye nenqanaba lobugcisa lihlala liphucuka.
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, uninzi lweeselupeses ze-monoters kwaye zixutywe neenqobo ezahlukeneyo ze-DS, ii-viscofisties, ukucoceka kunye neepropathi ze-ROIORTER kuqhubeke ngokuqhubekayo. Okwangoku, ukugxila kuphuhliso kwicandelo leSeley Seles kukwamkela itekhnoloji yeMveliso, itekhnoloji entsha, izixhobo ezitsha, iimveliso ezintsha, iimveliso ezisemgangathweni, kunye neemveliso ezicwangcisiweyo kufuneka ziphinde ziphandwe ngobuchwephesha.
IXESHA LOKUQALA: APR-28-2024