Ulwazi lwamakhemikhali incazelo kanye nomehluko we-fiber, i-cellulose ne-cellulose ether

I-Fiber:

I-Fiber, kumongo wekhemistri nesayensi yezinto zokwakha, ibhekisela esigabeni sezinto ezibonakalayo ezibonakala ngokwakheka kwazo okude, okunjengentambo. Lezi zinto zakhiwe ngama-polymers, okungama-molecule amakhulu akhiwe amayunithi aphindaphindayo abizwa ngokuthi ama-monomers. Imicu ingaba yemvelo noma yokwenziwa, futhi ithola ukusetshenziswa kabanzi ezimbonini ezahlukahlukene ezihlanganisa izindwangu, izinhlanganisela, kanye ne-biomedicine.

Imicu yemvelo itholakala ezitshalweni, ezilwaneni, noma kumaminerali. Izibonelo zifaka ukotini, uvolo, usilika, ne-asbestos. Imicu yokwenziwa, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ikhiqizwa ezintweni zamakhemikhali ngezinqubo ezifana ne-polymerization. Inayiloni, i-polyester, ne-acrylic yizibonelo ezivamile zemicu yokwenziwa.

Emkhakheni wekhemistri, igama elithi “fiber” ngokuvamile lisho isici sesakhiwo sezinto ezisetshenziswayo kunokwakheka kwayo kwamakhemikhali. Amafiber abonakala nge-aspect ratio yawo ephezulu, okusho ukuthi made kakhulu kunobubanzi bawo. Lesi sakhiwo esinde sinikeza izici ezinjengamandla, ukuguquguquka, nokuqina kwento, okwenza imicu ibalulekile ekusetshenzisweni okuhlukahlukene kusukela kwezingubo kuya ekuqinisweni ezintweni eziyinhlanganisela.

I-Cellulose:

I-Cellulosei-polysaccharide, okuwuhlobo lwe-carbohydrate olwakhiwe ngamaketanga amade ama-molecule kashukela. Iyipolymer ephilayo eningi kakhulu Emhlabeni futhi isebenza njengengxenye yesakhiwo odongeni lwamaseli ezitshalo. Ngokwekhemikhali, i-cellulose iqukethe amayunithi aphindaphindayo eglucose axhunywe ndawonye ngamabhondi e-β-1,4-glycosidic.

Isakhiwo se-cellulose sine-fibrous kakhulu, nama-molecule e-cellulose ngamanye azihlanganisa abe ama-microfibrils aphinde ahlangane ukuze akhe izakhiwo ezinkulu njengemicu. Le micu ihlinzeka ngokusekela kwesakhiwo kumaseli ezitshalo, iwanikeze ukuqina namandla. Ngaphezu kwendima yayo ezitshalweni, i-cellulose iphinde ibe ingxenye enkulu ye-fiber yokudla etholakala ezithelweni, imifino, nokusanhlamvu. Abantu abanawo ama-enzyme adingekayo ukuze aphule i-cellulose, ngakho-ke idlula ohlelweni lokugaya ukudla luqinile, asize ekugayeni ukudla futhi akhuthaze impilo yamathumbu.

I-Cellulose inezinhlelo eziningi ezisebenza ezimbonini ngenxa yobuningi bayo, ukuvuselelwa, kanye nezakhiwo ezifiselekayo ezifana nokubola kwemvelo, ukuhambelana kwezinto eziphilayo, namandla. Isetshenziswa kakhulu ekukhiqizeni iphepha, izindwangu, izinto zokwakha, kanye nama-biofuels.

I-Cellulose Ether:

Ama-cellulose ethersiyiqembu lezinhlanganisela zamakhemikhali atholakala ku-cellulose ngokuguqulwa kwamakhemikhali. Lezi zinguquko zibandakanya ukwethulwa kwamaqembu asebenzayo, njenge-hydroxyethyl, i-hydroxypropyl, noma i-carboxymethyl, kumgogodla we-cellulose. Ama-cellulose ethers aba umphumela agcina ezinye izici ze-cellulose ngenkathi ebonisa izakhiwo ezintsha ezinikezwe amaqembu asebenzayo angeziwe.

Omunye umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwe-cellulose nama-cellulose ether usezicini zawo zokuncibilika. Nakuba i-cellulose ingancibiliki emanzini nasezincibilikisini eziningi eziphilayo, ama-cellulose ethers avamise ukuncibilika emanzini noma abonise ukuncibilika okuthuthukisiwe kuzincibilikisi zezinto eziphilayo. Lokhu kuncibilika kwenza i-cellulose ethers isebenzise izinto eziningi ezihlukahlukene nezinhlobonhlobo zokusetshenziswa ezimbonini ezifana nezamakhemisi, ukudla, izimonyo, nezokwakha.

Izibonelo ezijwayelekile zama-cellulose ethers zifaka i-methyl cellulose (MC), i-hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), kanye ne-carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). Lezi zinhlanganisela zisetshenziswa njengama-thickeners, ama-binders, ama-stabilizers, nama-ejenti okwenza ifilimu ekwakhiweni okuhlukahlukene. Isibonelo, i-CMC isetshenziswa kakhulu emikhiqizweni yokudla njenge-ejenti ejiyayo kanye ne-emulsifier, kuyilapho i-HPC isetshenziswa ekwenziweni kwemithi yokukhishwa kwezidakamizwa okulawulwayo.

i-fiber ibhekisela ezintweni ezinokwakheka okude, okufana nentambo, i-cellulose iyi-polymer yemvelo etholakala ezindongeni zamangqamuzana ezitshalo, kanti ama-cellulose ether ayizinto eziphuma ku-cellulose ezishintshwe amakhemikhali ezisetshenziswa ezimbonini ezihlukahlukene. Nakuba i-cellulose inikeza uhlaka lwesakhiwo sezitshalo futhi isebenza njengomthombo wefayibha yokudla, ama-cellulose ether ahlinzeka ngokuncibilika okuthuthukisiwe futhi athola ukusetshenziswa ezinhlobonhlobo zezimboni ngenxa yezakhiwo zawo ezihlukile.