I-Cellulose Ether
I-Cellulose Ether yigama elijwayelekile lochungechunge lwemikhiqizo ekhiqizwa ukusabela kwe-Alkali Cellulose kanye ne-ejenti ethembisa ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. I-Alkali Cellulose ithathelwa indawo ama-ejenti ahlukile aphelelisayo ukuthola izitha ze-cellulose ezihlukile. Ngokusho kwezakhiwo ze-Ionization zokufakaza kwabanye, ama-cellulose asher angahlukaniswa izigaba ezimbili: ionic (njenge-carboxymethyl cellulose) ne-nonic (njenge-methyl cellulose (efana ne-methyl cellulose). Ngokusho kohlobo lwe-substituent, i-cellulose ether ingahlukaniswa i-monoJe (njenge-methyl cellulose) futhi i-ether exubile (efana ne-hydroxypropylylyl methyl celtule). Ngokuya nge-solubity ehlukene, ingahlukaniswa inyumbazane yamanzi (efana ne-hydroxyethyl cellulose) kanye ne-organic solvent-soluble-soluble (njenge-ethyl cellulose), njll. ihlukaniswe ngohlobo olusheshayo futhi ingaphezulu liphathwe uhlobo lokuchitheka olubambezelekile.
Indlela yokwenza kwesenzo se-cellulose ether ngodaka kungokulandelayo:
. Izinhlayiya kanye nesendlalelo sefilimu yokugcoba zakhiwa ebusweni bayo bangaphandle, okwenza uhlelo lodaka luzinze ngokwengeziwe, futhi luthuthukise uketshezi lodaka ngesikhathi senqubo yokuxuba kanye nokushelela kokwakhiwa.
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1. I-methylcellulose (MC)
Ngemuva kokuthi ukotini ocwengiwe kuphathwa nge-Alkali, ethertule Ether kukhiqizwa ngochungechunge lokuphendula nge-methane chloride njenge-ejenti yokuthezeka. Ngokuvamile, izinga lokufaka esikhundleni ngu-1.6 ~ 2.0, kanye ne-solubility futhi kwehlukile ngama-degree ahlukene wokufaka esikhundleni. Ingeye-ether engeyona eye-moulsose.
(1) I-methylcellulose incanela emanzini abandayo, futhi kuzoba nzima ukuncibilikisa emanzini ashisayo. Isixazululo sayo esinamanzi sizinzile kakhulu ebangeni le-PH = 3 ~ 12. Inokuhambisana okuhle nesitashi, isiGungu seGum, njll. Futhi ama-surfactants amaningi. Lapho izinga lokushisa lifinyelela izinga lokushisa le-gelation, kwenzeka.
. Ngokuvamile, uma inani lokungeza likhulu, ubuciko buncane, futhi i-viscoty inkulu, inani lokugcina lamanzi liphezulu. Phakathi kwazo, inani lesengezo linomthelela omkhulu kunabo bonke emazingeni okugcinwa kwamanzi, futhi izinga lokubonana alifani ngqo nezinga lamazinga okugcina amanzi. Izinga lokuchithwa ikakhulukazi lincike ezingeni lokuguqulwa komhlaba kwezinhlayiya ze-celluLose kanye nezinhlayiyane izinhlayiyana. Phakathi kwalezi zithambekela ezingenhla kwe-cellulose, i-methyl cellulose ne-hydroxyprosell methyl cellulose zinamazinga aphezulu okugcina amanzi.
(3) Izinguquko zokushisa zizothinta kakhulu isilinganiso sokugcinwa kwamanzi se-methyl cellulose. Ngokuvamile, izinga lokushisa eliphakeme, elibi kakhulu nokugcinwa kwamanzi. Uma izinga lokushisa lodaka lidlula ama-40 ° C, ukugcinwa kwamanzi kwe-methyl cellulose kuzoncishiswa kakhulu, kuthinte kabi ukwakhiwa kodaka.
(4) I-methyl cellulose inomthelela omkhulu ekwakhiweni nasekunamathiselwe kodaka. I- "Adhesion" Lapha lapha ibhekisela kumandla anamathele azwakala phakathi kwethuluzi lomfakisicelo wesisebenzi kanye nodonga substrate, okungukuthi, ukumelana nokuncipha kodaka kodaka. Ukunamathelayo kuphakeme, ukumelana nokukhula kodaka kukhulu, futhi amandla afunwa yizisebenzi ezisezinhlelweni zokusebenzisa nawo akhulu, futhi ukusebenza kodaka kumpofu. I-Methyl celtulese anhesion isezingeni eliphakathi ku-Cellulose Ether Products.
2. I-Hydroxypropylmethylcelcellellellellellulose (HPMC)
IHydroxypropyllylylyl Methylcellulose yinhlobonhlobo ye-cellulose imiphumela yayo nokusetshenziswa kwayo bekulokhu kukhula ngokushesha eminyakeni yamuva. Kuyinto engekho-cellulose e-ether exubile eyenziwe kusuka kukotoni ecwengekile ngemuva kwe-alkalization, esebenzisa i-propelene oxide kanye ne-methyl chloride njenge-ejenti yokusheshisa, ngochungechunge lokuphendula. Izinga lokufakwa esikhundleni ngokuvamile i-1.2 ~ 2.0. Izakhiwo zalo zihlukile ngenxa yezilinganiso ezihlukile zokuqukethwe kwe-methoxyl nokuqukethwe kwe-hydroxypropyl.
. Kepha izinga lokushisa layo le-gelation emanzini ashisayo liphakeme kakhulu kunalelo ye-methyl cellulose. I-solubity emanzini abandayo nayo yathuthukiswa kakhulu uma iqhathaniswa ne-methyl cellulose.
. Ukushisa futhi kuthinta ukubonakala kwayo, njengoba izinga lokushisa liyanda, ukuhlakanipha kuyancipha. Kodwa-ke, i-viscosity yayo ephezulu inomphumela ophansi wokushisa kune-methyl cellulose. Isixazululo saso sizinzile lapho zigcinwa emazingeni okushisa asekamelweni.
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. Amanzi e-caustic kanye nama-lime anomthelela omncane ekusebenzeni kwawo, kepha u-Alkali angasheshisa ukuchitheka kwawo futhi akhuphule ukubonakala kwawo. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose is stable to common salts, but when the concentration of salt solution is high, the viscosity of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose solution tends to increase.
. Njengotshwala be-polyvinyl, isitashi ether, gum yemifino, njll.
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3. I-Hydroxyyethyl cellulose (HEC)
Kwenziwa ngokotoni ocwengekile ophathwe nge-alkali, futhi wasabela nge-ethylene oxide njenge-ejenti ye-ejenti phambi kwe-acetone. Izinga lokufaka esikhundleni ngokuvamile kungu-1.5 ~ 2.0. Ine-hydrophicility eqinile futhi kulula ukumunca umswakama
(1) I-HydroxYethyl celtulose iyancibilika emanzini abandayo, kepha kunzima ukuncibilikisa emanzini ashisayo. Isixazululo saso sizinzile ngokushisa okuphezulu ngaphandle kokugoba. Ingasetjenziswa isikhathi eside ngaphansi kokushisa okuphezulu ngodaka, kepha ukugcinwa kwalo kwamanzi kuphansi kunalokho kwe-methyl cellulose.
. I-Alkali ingasheshisa ukuchithwa kwayo futhi yandise kancane ukubonakala kwayo. Ukungafani kwalo emanzini kubi kakhulu kunalokho kwe-methyl cellulose ne-hydroxypropylyly methyl cellulose. .
(3) I-HydroxYethyl cellulose inokusebenza okuhle kwe-anti-sag ngodaka, kepha inesikhathi eside sokubuyisa usimende.
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4. I-Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC)
I-ionic cellulose ether yenziwa kusuka kumicu yemvelo (ukotini, njll.) Ngemuva kokwelashwa kwe-alkali, kusetshenziswa i-sodium monochloroetate njenge-ejenti yeshevitha, futhi ibhekana nochungechunge lwezinto zokwelashwa. Izinga lokufaka esikhundleni ngokuvamile lingu-0.4 ~ 1.4, futhi ukusebenza kwalo kuthinteka kakhulu ngezinga lokufaka esikhundleni.
(1) I-carboxymethyl celtulose iyinhlahla nge-hygroscopic eyengeziwe, futhi izoqukatha amanzi amaningi lapho igcinwe ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile.
. Lapho izinga lokushisa lidlula u-50 ° C, i-viscosity ayinakuphikwa.
(3) Ukuqina kwalo kuthinteka kakhulu ph. Ngokuvamile, ingasetshenziswa ku-gypsum osuselwa ku-gypsum, kepha hhayi ngodaka olususelwa kuso usimende. Lapho i-alkali kakhulu, ilahlekelwa ukubonakala.
(4) Ukugcinwa kwayo kwamanzi kuphansi kakhulu kunalokho kwe-methyl cellulose. Inomphumela wokubuyisa emuva ku-gypsum osuselwa ku-gypsum futhi wehlise amandla ayo. Kodwa-ke, intengo ye-carboxymethyl celtulose iphansi kakhulu kunaleyo ye-methyl cellulose.
Redisperserble polymer ruble powder
I-RegisperPlerible Rubber Powder iyacutshungulwa ngomiswa wokufafaza we-emulser ekhethekile ye-polymer. Enqubweni yokucutshungulwa, okuvikelayo kwe-colloid, i-ejenti yokulwa nokwakheka, njll. Yiba izithasiselo ezisemqoka. I-rubber yomisiwe yerabha ezinye izinhlayiya eziyindilinga ezingama-80 ~ 100mm ahlangana ndawonye. Lezi zinhlayiya zincibilika emanzini bese zakha ukuhanjiswa okuzinzile kube kukhulu kakhulu kunezinhlayiya ze-emulsion zangempela. Lokhu kuhlakazeka kuzokwakha ifilimu ngemuva komoya wokuphelelwa ngamandla nokomiswa. Le filimu ayinakuphikwa njengokwakheka kwefilimu okujwayelekile, futhi ngeke ibuye kabusha lapho ihlangana namanzi. I-dispersions.
I-RecisperperPressible Drubber Powder ingahlukaniswa: I-Styrene-Buthadiene Copolymer, i-Carlobate Acid Ethylene Copolymer, njll., Futhi ngokusekelwe kulokhu, i-silicone, i-vinyl yala, njll. Kuxhunyelelwa ukwenza ngcono ukusebenza. Izinyathelo ezihlukile zokuguqulwa zenza i-redisperperible rubber powder inezakhiwo ezihlukile njengokumelana kwamanzi, ukumelana kwe-alkali, ukumelana nesimo sezulu nokuvumelana nezimo. Kuqukethe i-Vinyl Laurate ne-Silicone, engenza i-powder yerabha ibe ne-hydrophopobicity enhle. I-Vinyl ephakeme ye-vinyl ephakeme ye-carbonate enenani eliphansi le-TG nokuguquguquka okuhle.
Lapho lezi zinhlobo zama-powders enjoloba zisetshenziswa ku-data, zonke zinomphumela omuhle kakhulu ngesikhathi sokusetha usimende, kepha umphumela wokubambezeleka mncane kunalokho okukusebenzisa okuqondile kwama-emulsions afanayo. Uma kuqhathaniswa, i-styrere-butadieene inomphumela omkhulu wokubuyisa ngobukhulu, futhi i-ethylene-vinyl acetate inomphumela omncane wokugcina kabusha. Uma umthamo mncane kakhulu, umphumela wokwenza ngcono ukusebenza kodaka akubonakali.
I-Polypropylene Fibers
I-polypropylene fiber yenziwa nge-polypropylene njengento eluhlaza ebonakalayo kanye nenani elifanele le-modifier. Ububanzi be-fiber ngokuvamile bungama-microns angama-40, amandla ashubile angu-300 ~ 400mpa, i-modulus elastic ingu-≥3500mpa, futhi i-elongation yokugcina ingu-15 ~ 18%. Izici Zokusebenza kwayo:
. Uma i-1 kg ye-polypropylene fiber ingezwe ethani ngalinye lodaka, kungatholwa imicu engaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-30 monofilament fibers.
. Ukuthi le mifantu iyabonakala noma cha. Futhi inganciphisa kakhulu ukopha komhlaba kanye nokuxazululwa okuhlanganisiwe kodaka olusha.
(3) Ngomzimba oqinile wodaka, i-polypropylene fiber inganciphisa kakhulu inani lokuqhekeka kwezimo. Okungukuthi, lapho umzimba we-wortar we-herning ukhiqiza ukucindezelwa ngenxa yokushintshana, kungamelana futhi kudlulise ukucindezela. Lapho umzimba we-motar ukhuni uqhekeka, ungavuselela ukugxilisa ingcindezi esiqeshini sokuqhekeka futhi uvikele ukwanda kokuqhekeka.
(4) Ukuhlakazeka okusebenzayo kwe-polypropylene fibers ekukhiqizeni ngodaka kuzoba yinkinga enzima. Imishini yokuxuba, uhlobo lwefayibha kanye nomthamo, isilinganiso sikadoti kanye nemingcele yenqubo yayo konke kuzoba yizici ezibalulekile ezithinta ukusakazeka.
Umenzeli Wokufaka Umoya
Umenzeli ongenisa umoya uluhlobo lwe-surving engakha ama-bubble ezinzile ezinzile kukhonkolo omusha noma ngodaka ngezindlela zomzimba. Faka ikakhulukazi: i-rosin nama-polymers ayo ashisayo, ama-supmacters awo we-thermal, ama-ankylbenene sulfonate, ama-lignosulfonates, ama-carboxylic acid kanye nosawoti wabo, njll.
Ama-ejenti okufaka umoya ajwayele ukusetshenziselwa ukulungiselela udaka ngodaka nombungo wezimbumbulu. Ngenxa yokungezwa kwe-ejenti yokungena emoyeni, kuzolethwa ezinye izinguquko ekusebenzeni kodaka ngodaka.
(1) Ngenxa yokwethulwa kwama-bubble amoya, ukukhululeka nokwakhiwa kodaka olusanda kuxutshwa kungandiswa, futhi ukopha kungancishiswa.
(2) Ukusebenzisa nje i-ejenti yokungena komoya kuzonciphisa amandla nokuqina kwesikhunta ku-mende. Uma i-ejenti yokungena emoyeni kanye ne-ejenti yokunciphisa amanzi isetshenziswa ndawonye, kanti isilinganiso kufanelekile, inani lamandla ngeke linciphe.
(3) Kungathuthukisa kakhulu ukumelana nesithwathwa kodaka olukhuni, kuthuthukise ukungapheleli kodaka, futhi kuthuthukise ukumelana nokuguguleka kodaka olukhuni.
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Njengoba inani le-ejenti yokungena emoyeni lingezwa lincane kakhulu, ngokuvamile libalwa yizinkulungwane eziyishumi zenani eliphelele lezinto zokwakha dementiwe, kufanele liqinisekiswe ukuthi lilinganiswe kahle futhi lixutshwe ngesikhathi sokukhiqizwa ngodaka; Izici ezifana nezindlela ezishukumisayo kanye nesikhathi esivusa amadlingozi kuzothinta kakhulu inani lokufaka umoya. Ngakho-ke, ngaphansi kokukhiqizwa kwasekhaya okukhona njengamanje kanye nemibandela yokwakha, engeza ama-ejenti okufaka umoya ku-mende kudinga umsebenzi omningi wokuhlola.
Umenzeli wamandla wakuqala
Kusetshenziselwe ukuthuthukisa amandla okuqala ngokhonkolo nodaka, ama-ejenti wamandla okuqala e-sulfate asetshenziswa kakhulu, ikakhulukazi kufaka phakathi i-sodium sulfate, i-sodium thiosulfate, i-aluminium sulfate ne-potassium aluminium sulfate.
Ngokuvamile, i-anhydrous sodium sulfate isetshenziswa kabanzi, futhi umthamo wayo uphansi futhi umphumela wamandla okuqala muhle, kepha uma umthamo mkhulu kakhulu, kuzodala ukunwebeka nokuqhekeka esiteji esizayo, futhi ngasikhathi sinye, ukubuya kwe-alkali kuzokwenzeka, okuzothinta ukubukeka kanye nomphumela wesendlalelo sokuhlobisa ingaphezulu.
I-calcium yakha futhi i-ejenti enhle ye-antifreeze. Inomphumela omuhle wokuqina, imiphumela emibi emincane, ukuhambisana okuhle namanye ama-admixtures, futhi izakhiwo eziningi zingcono kune-sulfate yakudala yamandla asebekhulile, kepha intengo iphakeme.
antifile
Uma udaka lusetshenziswa emazingeni okushisa angemuhle, uma kungekho zinyathelo alwa nama-antifreeze, ukulimala kwesithwathwa kuzovela futhi amandla omzimba olwalukhuni azobhujiswa. U-Antifreeze uvimbela ukulimala kwamaqhwa kusuka ezindleleni ezimbili zokuvimbela ukuqanda kanye nokwenza ngcono amandla okuqala ngodaka.
Phakathi kwama-ejenti asetshenziswa ngokuvamile, i-calcium nitrite ne-sodium nitrite ibe nemiphumela emihle kakhulu ye-antifreeeze. Njengoba i-calcium nitrite ayiqukethe i-potassium ne-sodium ion, kunganciphisa ukwenzeka kwe-alkali ahlanganise ngokhonkolo, kepha ukusebenziseka kwawo kumpofu kancane uma kusetshenziswa kudaka, kanti iSodium Nitrite inokusebenza okungcono. I-Antifreeze isetshenziswa ngokuhlanganiswa ne-ejenti yamandla okuqala kanye ne-water reducer ukuthola imiphumela egculisayo. Lapho udaka oluhlanganisiwe olune-antifree lisetshenziswa emazingeni okushisa aphansi aphansi, izinga lokushisa lengxube kufanele likhuphuke ngokufanele, njengokuxubana namanzi afudumele.
Uma inani le-antifreeze liphezulu kakhulu, lizonciphisa amandla kadaka esiteji esizayo, futhi ingaphezulu lodaka olukhuni luzoba nezinkinga ezinjengokubuyiselwa kwe-alkali, okuzothinta ukubukeka kwesendlalelo somhlobiso .
Isikhathi Sokuposa: Jan-16-2023